Winter vegetables are covered with plastic film in real time, which can be used to increase ground temperature, reduce water evaporation, prevent soil compaction, improve fertilizer operation rate, improve near-ground lighting premise and weed development, and improve crop structure and regulate development season. In line with market demand, improve economic efficiency and increase production. The main craftsmanship is as follows:
   　 I. Site Preparation
1.邃 整 整 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : It is necessary to compact the soil, make the soil fine, no stones, rubble, no rice paddy, reach the upper Panasonic, connect the soil aggregate structure, prevent soil compaction, and enrich the water-immersing, fertilizer-preserving and heat-insulating dip dyeing.
2 , the application of base fertilizer: under the premise of cage cover, soil organic matter differentiation is fast, so the base fertilizer should be applied to avoid reducing soil fertility, or causing later de-fertilization, affecting the growth of vegetables. At the same time, it is more difficult to topdress after the cover film, so it is necessary to increase the amount of base fertilizer and reduce the number of top dressings. According to the actual fertility of the vegetable field soil, according to local conditions, generally moderate fertile vegetable fields are applied with 4000 kg of high-quality farmyard manure per mu.
3 , leveling 畦: 畦 width 90-140 cm, groove width 30 cm, 畦 height 20-25 cm, requires smooth surface, no clods, so that the film can be close to the surface, to prevent ventilation, air leakage.
4 , weeding and soil disinfection: after the film, the field weeding is more difficult, so after the land preparation should use the herbicide in real time, the general use of 20% grams of 200-250 ml without water, 50-60 kg of water, sprayed with a sprayer To prevent the regeneration of the head. The soil is sterilized with lime before the seedlings are transplanted.
       Third, apple tree fertilization
1. Apple's demand for mineral nutrients The number of times that apples receive mineral nutrients is: calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the primary mineral nutrients necessary for the development of apples, and they are also the most effective mineral nutrients. The amount of energy consumed is insufficient and the soil supply is insufficient. Calcium and magnesium are mainly found in the roots and leaves, and the content in the fruit is very small. In the apple planting soil in Shandong Province, the content of calcium and magnesium is generally rich, and it is not necessary to apply calcium and magnesium fertilizer every year. Trace element nutrients such as boron, zinc, iron, manganese, copper and molybdenum are also essential nutrients for apple development. For the soil premise of Shandong, zinc and boron are the nutrients that need to be filled in real time.
   　 Apple's demand for nitrogen is divided into three eras:
   　 The first era—from germination to new shoots, accelerates to develop nitrogen demand period;
   　 The second era—the new peak period of the new shoots to the constant nitrogen demand period before harvesting;
   　 The third era—the fruit is harvested and then returned to the deciduous nitrogen storage period.
   　 The apple tree's annual nutrition has a steady demand for phosphorus, with no roots and low valleys; the demand for potassium is the largest in fruit expansion.
2 , young fertilization in the new orchard, young apple trees, annual application of organic fertilizer 3000kg ~ 4000kg per acre. If the soil nutrient content is in the medium scale, N0.2～0.03kg per plant, N, P2O5, K2O ratio is 1.0:1.2～1.3:1.0, and the fertilizer dosage should be increased year by year with the tree age. If the orchard is renewed on the soil of the old orchard, the application amount and proportion of N, P2O5 and K2O should be adjusted according to the soil fertility. Organic fertilizers and fertilizers can be applied once a year in the fall.
3 , the initial fruit fertilization and organic fertilizer application is sufficient, N15 ~ 22kg per acre, the amount of fertilizer increased with the age of the tree year by year, the ratio of N, P2O5, K2O is 1.0:0.8:1.0. The fertilization era is divided into three times
   　 The first fertilization: autumn base fertilizer, the annual total organic fertilizer, 30% of each year N, P2O5, K2O and organic fertilizer all the way. The number of micronutrient applied was 50 g of borax per plant and 100 g of zinc sulfate, and was applied simultaneously with the organic fertilizer. When the trace fertilizer is not applied to the base fertilizer, the root dressing is carried out as needed.
   　 The second fertilization: 40% of N for the whole year, 30% of P2O5, and 20% of K2O.
   　 The third fertilization: 30% of N, 40% of P2O5, and 50% of K2O.
4 , fruiting period fertilization Shandong Province, the main apple producing area in the east, the average output is close to 3000kg / acre, the primary soil type is brown loam. According to the apple nutrient theory and the current cultivation practice, on the medium fertility soil, N7~9kg is recommended for every 1000kg of apple production, and the ratio of N, P2O5 and K2O is 1.0:0.5:1.1. In the case where the soil nutrient content is too high or too low, the application ratio of N, P2O5 and K2O can be appropriately adjusted.
   　 The first fertilization: the annual total organic fertilizer, 20% of N in the whole year, 20% of P2O5, 20% of K2O, micro-fertilizer can be applied along with the base fertilizer.
   　 The second fertilization: 50% of N for the whole year and 30% of P2O5.
   　 The third fertilization: 30% of N for the whole year, 30% of P2O5, and 40% of K2O.
   　 The fourth fertilization: 20% of P2O5 and 40% of K2O. In the case where calcium fertilizer is required to be applied, calcium nitrate can be sprayed during the fruit expansion period, usually 3 to 4 times, at a concentration of 0.3%. When magnesium fertilizer is required to be applied, the spraying concentration of magnesium sulfate is 0.08% to 0.15%. Calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate can also be applied as base fertilizer. When no micro-fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, 0.3% borax solution is sprayed 2 to 3 times at the initial flowering stage and full flowering stage; 0.2 to 0.3% zinc sulphate solution is sprayed once every 7 to 10 days after the full flowering period for 2 to 3 days. Spray 3 times. Generally, a transparent film with a thickness of 0.01 mm is used, and the temperature is good. Under the premise of the cage, the soil temperature of the transparent film is 3 °C higher than that of the black film. In addition, the appropriate width of the mulch should be chosen according to the width of the planted crop.
   　 Third, the cover film system
   　 The plastic film cage cultivation is mostly used for seedling transplanting. It needs to be planted after the film is first applied, preferably 7-10 days before planting. When filming, generally 3 people 1 group, 1 person film, 2 people in the ditch in the film, the film should be flat, close to the soil surface, both sides compacted with soil.
   　 Fourth, the field management
1. According to the density of the planting, the planting holes are laid on the membrane, and the seedlings bred by the nutrient cup are transplanted to the planting holes. When planting, it is necessary to pay attention to the general situation of the nursery and the level of the soil surface. The surrounding area should be pruned with pine soil. Do not press the hand by hand, but use the fine tidal soil to seal the planting hole and pour it around the seedling. Small mounds across the kneading surface prevent wind from blowing through the planting holes and reducing water evaporation.
2 , under the cultivation of the mulch film, in the early spring, there is heat preservation and drought resistance. When the plant is in the middle of the growth period or the temperature is high and the transpiration is high, the water should be poured in real time, firstly watering between the gullies, using the small water irrigation system. .
3, the mulch cage does not need cultivating, but it is necessary to check frequently, remove the weeds in the rhizosphere, if there are weeds growing under the membrane, soil can be used to prevent grass damage.
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