Vegetable soil testing, fertilizer technology has increase production, fertilizer saving, improve fertilizer use efficiency, reduce nitrate pollution of vegetables and so on.
First, the principle of soil testing and fertilization
According to the yield of vegetables and the amount of nutrients absorbed, as well as the soil nutrient status of the vegetable field, the amount of fertilizer was determined, and the fertilization period was determined according to the nutritional and physiological characteristics of the vegetables. Vegetable seedlings need less nutrients, and more nutrients are needed during vigorous growth and product formation. Organic fertilizer and phosphate general foundation before sowing and planting vegetables, may be made available nitrogen potash fertilizer in the middle of vegetable growth. The number of top dressings can be determined according to the length of growth period of vegetables. Vegetables with short growth period can be used to catch 1 to 2 times of fertilizer in the middle of growth period. Vegetables with long growing period can chase 3 to 4 times of fertilizer when there is more nutrient demand . Generally, every 15 to 20 days, 1 to 2 times of fat is used. Generally, every 15 to 20 days, 1 to 2 times of fertilizer is used. The fertilization method is determined according to different vegetables and different fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizer is easy to be fixed by soil, and should be applied centrally, strip application or acupoint application. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are generally applied as ditching or acupoints, and can be applied with water in the later stages of growth.
　　 1 . Organic fertilizer material is preferably administered more fiber (i.e., carbon and nitrogen ratio) of the organic fertilizer, can greatly enhance the buffering capacity of the soil of nutrients, prevent the accumulation of salts, delaying the salinization.
　　 2 . The scientific monitoring of the fertilization is used to monitor the concentration of the soil solution using a conductivity meter (also often written as an EC meter and the measured data is an EC value). If there is a certain EC value, vegetables will have a birth retardation. If it is found to be close to the critical value, stop fertilizing and properly watering.
　　 3 . Deepening the ploughing of the soil due to the accumulation of salt in the soil of the protected area , after the vegetables are harvested, deep-turning, turning the topsoil rich in salt to the lower layer, turning the lower layer of soil with less salt to the top Can greatly reduce salt damage.
　　 4 . Use the change of the gap, remove the salt, dissolve the salt or fill the salt, wash the salt, and remove the film. After the harvest in the rainy season, if there is no film for 10 days, the sun and rain will be effective for eliminating the soil obstacle; or at high temperature. seasons, carried out flood irrigation, ground cover film so that the water temperature can not only wash the salt, and can kill bacteria, help lower the recommended high and stable yield of vegetables.
　　 5 . Basal deep application, deep top dressing is applied as basal fertilizer with limited, as far as possible "small number" is used for top dressing, preferably a mixture of fertilizer and organic fertilizer applied to the ground, and then plow turning. Top dressing is generally difficult to apply in depth, so it is necessary to strictly control the amount of fertilizer applied each time, and increase the number of top dressings to meet the demand for nutrients in vegetables. It is not possible to apply too much fertilizer at one time, resulting in an increase in the concentration of soil solution.
　　 6 . It is strongly advocated that the root-dressing plants mainly rely on the roots to absorb nutrients, and the leaves and tender stems can also absorb nutrients directly from the solution sprayed on the surface. In the cultivation of protected areas, since the top dressing does not add trouble to the soil, it should be strongly advocated. Urea and superphosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, as well as some trace elements, are suitable as top dressings.
　　 7 . Ground cover to cover the ground, for table salt accumulation significant inhibition role.
Second, the main vegetable formula fertilization technology
　　 1 . Cabbage fertilization technology produces 1000 kg of cabbage, which requires 1.6 kg of pure nitrogen , 0.8 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , and 1.8 kg of potassium oxide . Cabbage yield 0.5 to 10,000 kg of pure nitrogen for an 8 to 16 kg, 4 to 8 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, potassium 9 to 18 kg. Before the sowing of cabbage, 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer and 25 to 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer were applied . Cabbage into the rosette stage for the first 1 dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 to 6 kg, potassium 3 to 6 kg. Or incipient heart cabbage the 2nd top dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 to 6 kg, potassium 3 to 6 kg. The third top dressing is carried out in the middle of the ball or the center of the heart. The pure nitrogen is 2 to 4 kg and the potassium oxide is 3 to 6 kg.
　　 2 . Cabbage fertilization technology produces 1000 kg of cabbage, which requires 2.0 kg of pure nitrogen , 0.72 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , 2.2 kg of potassium oxide, 3000 to 5000 kg of cabbage , and 6 to 10 kg of pure nitrogen and 2.2 to 3.6 kg of phosphorus pentoxide . Potassium oxide 6.6 ~ 11 kg. Before planting cabbage , 2,500 kg of organic fertilizer and 20 to 25 kg of phosphate fertilizer were applied . Brassica enter the rosette stage for the first 1 dressing, Mushi nitrogen 36 kg, potassium 3.3 to 5.5 kg. Entering of kale cabbage, the 2nd dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 to 6 kg, potassium 3.3 to 5.5 kg.
　　 3 . Tomato fertilization technology to produce 1000 kg of tomatoes requires 3.86 kg of pure chlorine , 1.15 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , and 4.44 kg of potassium oxide . The yield of 4,000 to 5,000 kilograms of tomatoes per mu requires 15.4 to 19.3 kg of pure nitrogen , 4.6 to 5.8 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , and 17.8 to 22.2 kg of potassium oxide .
Before planting tomatoes, apply 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer and 30 to 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer . In general, when a first spike fruit began to expand to the size of the table tennis, dressing can be performed for the first time, Mushi nitrogen 5 to 6 kg, potassium 6-7 kg. Second top dressing is about the first spike fruit harvest, fruit enlargement to the second ear size of table tennis, Mushi nitrogen 5 to 7 kg, potassium oxide 6-8 kg. Forthcoming third top dressing in the second spike fruit harvest, fruit enlargement to the third spike size of table tennis, Mushi nitrogen 5 to 6 kg, potassium oxide 6-7 kg.
　　 4 . Pepper fertilization technology to produce 1000 kg of Sweet Peppers pure nitrogen 5. 2 kg, phosphorus pentoxide 1 . 1 kg, potassium oxide 6 . 5 kg. The yield of sweet pepper is 4000 to 5000 kg per mu , and the phosphate fertilizer is 30 to 40 kg. When Dunmiao ends, a first spike fruit grow to the size of walnut, dressing for the first time, Mushi nitrogen 5 to 6 kg, potassium 6-8 kg. When entering the first ear fruit (men pepper) is about to be harvested, the second layer of fruit (for pepper) and the third layer of fruit (four mothers) continue to expand and the third layer of fruit is falling, the peak of fertilizer demand , 2nd should be re-applied dressing, 6 to 7 kg Mushi nitrogen, potassium 7-8 kg. The third top dressing was carried out about half a month later , and the amount of fertilizer applied was the same as the second time. After 15 to 20 days, the fourth top dressing was carried out , and the amount of fertilizer applied was the same as the first time.
　　 5 . The fertilization technology of eggplant produces 1000 kg of eggplant, which requires 3.2 kg of pure nitrogen , 0.94 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , and 4.5 kg of potassium oxide . The yield of eggplant is 4,000 to 5,000 kilograms per mu , and the pure nitrogen is 12.8 kg to 16 kg, the phosphorus pentoxide is 3.8 to 4.7 kg, and the potassium oxide is 18 to 22.5 kg. Before the planting of the eggplant, 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer and 25 to 35 kg of phosphate fertilizer are applied . When the "door eggplant" reach "of stare" (referred to as the ovary after fertilization is exposed calyx enlargement "stare"), fruit began to grow rapidly, at this time the first dressing, Mushi nitrogen 4 - 5 kg, Potassium oxide 6 to 7 kg. When "of eggplant" fruit enlargement, "four bucket mother" at the beginning of development, eggplant peak fertilizer requirement, after the 2nd Mushi nitrogen fertilizer 5-6 kg, potassium 6-8 kg. The second top dressing after two weeks, a third top dressing fertilizer with the 1st.
　　 6 . Cucumber fertilization technology to produce 1000 kg of cucumber requires 2.6 kg of pure nitrogen , 1.5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , 3.5 kg of potassium oxide, 4000 to 5000 kg of cucumber, 10.4 to 13 kg of pure nitrogen , 6 to 15 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , potassium oxide. 14 to 15.7 kg. Early Fruiting first 1 dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 to 4 kg, 4 to 6 kg potassium. Early the 2nd Sheng melon dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 to 4 kg, 5 to 6 kg potassium. In the middle of the melon, the third top dressing was carried out , and the pure nitrogen was 3 to 4 kg and the potassium oxide was 5 to 6 kg. Before planting, apply 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer and 40 to 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer .
　　 7 . The radish fertilization technology produces 1000 kg of radish with 2.0 kg of pure nitrogen , 0.7 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 2.9 kg of potassium oxide . 5000 kg of radish per mu requires 10 kg of pure nitrogen , 3.5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , and 14.5 kg of potassium oxide . Before the radish sowing , 2500 kg of organic fertilizer and 25 kg of phosphate fertilizer were applied . Enter the rosette stage, a first top dressing, Mushi nitrogen 5 kg, 7 kg potassium. Fleshy root growth the 2nd peak dressing, Mushi nitrogen 5 kg, 7 kg potassium.
　　 8 . Carrots Carrots fertilization technology to produce 1000 kg of pure nitrogen required 2.4 kg, 0.8 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, 5.7 kg potassium. The yield of carrots is 3,000 to 4,000 kilograms per mu , and 7.2 to 9.6 kilograms of pure nitrogen , 2.4 to 3.2 kilograms of phosphorus pentoxide , and 17.1 to 22.8 kilograms of potassium oxide . Before the sowing of the carrots, 2,500 kg of organic fertilizer and 25 to 30 kg of phosphate fertilizer were applied . Enter the rosette stage, a first top dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 to 4 kg, potassium oxide 8 to 10 kg. Fleshy root growth period 2nd top dressing, Mushi nitrogen 4 to 5 kg, 8 to 12 kg potassium.
　　 9 . Celery fertilization technology produces 1000 kg of celery requires 2.0 kg of pure nitrogen , 0.93 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , and potassium oxide 3 . 9 kg. It produces 4000 to 5000 kilograms of celery per mu , 8 to 10 kilograms of pure nitrogen , 3.7 to 4.6 kilograms of phosphorus pentoxide , and 15.6 to 19.5 kilograms of potassium oxide . Before the celery is planted, the application of organic fertilizer is 4000 to 5000 kg, and the phosphate fertilizer is 25 to 35 kg. Into the strong plant growth period, a first top dressing, Mushi 2.3 kg of pure nitrogen, potassium 5 to 6 kg. Two weeks after the 2nd top dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 to 4 kg, potassium 5-7 kg. After entering the third top dressing in half a month , the application of pure nitrogen 3 kg, potassium oxide 5 ~ 6 kg.
　　 10 . Garlic fertilization technology produces 1,000 kg of garlic, which requires 5.1 kg of pure nitrogen , 1.3 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , and 1.8 kg of potassium oxide . 1000 to 1500 kg per mu garlic, pure nitrogen required 5.1 to 7.6 kg 1.3 to 2.0 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, 1.8 to 2.7 kg potassium. Before the planting of garlic, 2500 to 3000 kg of organic fertilizer and 10 to 15 kg of phosphate fertilizer were applied . Garlic dressing vigorous growth period for the first time, pure nitrogen Mushi 2 to 3 kg, 1 kg potassium. Into the bulb enlargement of the 2nd dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 to 4 kg, 1 to 2 kg potassium.
　　 11 . Leek Leek fertilization technology to produce 1000 kg of pure nitrogen needed 3. 7 kg, 0.8 kg of phosphorus pentoxide , 3.1 kg of potassium oxide . 5000 kilograms of amaranth per mu requires 18.5 kilograms of pure nitrogen , 4 kilograms of phosphorus pentoxide , and 15.5 kilograms of potassium oxide . Before the planting of leeks, 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer and 30 kg of phosphate fertilizer were applied . After planting leek root Shi Yuri, new roots has occurred, it can be combined with water first dressing, Mushi nitrogen 3 kg, 3 kg potassium. Early September to early October, is the most powerful leek assimilation period, should be combined with watering, every 10 to 15 days to recover a fertilizer, fertilizer with the first time. From the spring of the second year, the harvest can be started. The harvest is 3 to 4 times a year. After each harvest, when the sprouts grow to 3 cm high, the fertilizer can be applied once and the amount of fertilizer is the same as before.
Heat sink is a vital component that helps to dissipate heat from electronic devices. These devices generate heat as they operate, which can damage the internal components and cause malfunctions. In this article, we will explore what heat sinks are, how they work, and why they are important.
What is a heat sink?
A heat sink is a hardware device that is used to regulate the temperature of electronic components by dissipating heat. It is usually made out of an aluminum or copper plate with fins, which help to increase the surface area and improve the efficiency of heat transfer. Heat sinks are commonly used in electronic devices such as computers, power supplies, and mobile phones.
How do heat sinks work?
The purpose of a heat sink is to transfer heat from an electronic component to the surrounding environment. When electronic components such as CPUs or GPUs become hot, the heat is transferred to the metal plate of the heat sink. The heat sink then uses its fins to increase the surface area for the transfer of heat to the air. As the air flows over the fins, it absorbs the heat and carries it away, thus cooling the electronic component.
Why are heat sinks important?
Heat sinks play a significant role in ensuring that electronic devices function correctly and have an extended lifespan. Here are a few key reasons why heat sinks are important:
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Improved performance: When electronic components become too hot, they can malfunction or slow down. Heat sinks help to regulate the temperature of these components, allowing them to operate at their full potential.
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Extended lifespan: Overheating can cause damage to electronic components, leading to a shortened lifespan. Heat sinks help to prevent this by ensuring that the components are kept within their safe temperature range.
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Reliability: By preventing excessive overheating, heat sinks contribute to the overall reliability of electronic devices, reducing the risk of malfunctions and failures.
In summary, heat sinks are an essential component of electronic devices that help to regulate the temperature of electronic components. They improve performance, extend the lifespan of devices, and contribute to their overall reliability. Regular maintenance, cleaning, and replacement of damaged heat sinks are crucial for ensuring the optimal functioning of electronic devices.
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