Tending management
1 Oil Tea Young Forest Tending Technology
The young forest tending period is 4 years before the oil tea. The content of tending includes technical measures such as cultivating and weeding, cultivating seedlings, cultivating seedlings, planting insects, removing insects, removing diseases, pruning and fertilizing.
(1) Weeding and weeding: Weeding and loosening soil once in the year of afforestation, and then weeding twice a year, the first time in May-June, the second time in different regions from late August to September. The surface of the sky is hot, and it is not advisable to weed the grass. The depth of the loose soil is generally 3 to 5 cm. The afforestation should be shallow in the same year, and then deepen year by year; the young trees should be shallow and the outwards can be gradually deepened; the loam should be shallow and the clay should be deep.
(2) Fertilization in young forests: In the woodland where the base fertilizer is applied, do not fertilize again in the first year. Fertilize twice a year, winter application of late-effect fertilizer, such as fire soil ash or other decomposed organic fertilizer; spring application of quick-acting fertilizer, such as urea. Early spring is better than summer and autumn. The amount of fertilizer applied per plant per year should not exceed 25 grams. It is best to apply it multiple times. The amount of fertilizer applied per plant should not exceed 10 grams. Methods include application and ring ditch. The applicator will spread the fertilizer evenly around the crown of the tree, and combine it with the cultivator and turn it into the soil; the annular groove will be applied to the outer edge of the canopy, and the circular or semi-circular groove of 20~30cm wide and deep will be applied.
(3) Young tree shaping: The method of shaping the oil tea saplings is divided into two steps: the first is to raise the dry. In the first 1-2 years after afforestation, the spring shoots that sprouted from the top buds should all be retained, so that they quickly form the trunk; the second step is shaping. The main height is 60cm. 3-4 strong main branches are selected around the main trunk. The number of sub-main branches on each main branch depends on the size of the tree and the distance between the two main branches. The best time to prun is early spring. Remove the hair in time after trimming. Young trees should be light and should not be heavy.
(4) Intercropping of forest land: Planting crops, medicinal materials, green manure, etc. with short harvest period in young forest land, and cultivating and consuming, it is beneficial to the growth of oil tea and short-term harvest, and improve economic benefits. The selection of the types of intercropped crops is based on the principle of not contending with the oil tea, competing for fertilizer, and competing for water. The intercropping requires an area of ​​1 square meter to be added to the oil tea tree. Camellia oleifera should be planted with peanuts, beans and other green manure plants, but not with high stalks, vines and crops that consume large amounts of water during the dry season.
2 Oil Tea into Forest Management Technology
(1) Qi Fu: After the oil tea enters the fruiting period, according to the site conditions and variety types, it is shallowed once a year at least once and digging once every three years. It is usually carried out after the annual rainy season and before the arrival of the dry season. The depth is around 10cm. The deep excavation should be 15-20 cm before the fruiting of the leap year after the fruit picking. You must pay attention to the soil and water conservation of forest land. The terrain is gentle and the slope is 15. The following oil tea forests can be fully smashed, but depending on the length of the slope, the water is kept at the top of the mountain, at the mountainside and at the foot of the mountain. The slope is at 15. Above, especially for sandstone and granite-developed soils, it is advisable to use belts and dig a belt to leave the belt, and rotate every other year.
(2) Fertilization: Different types of fertilizers are applied according to soil nutrient content, oil tea growth status, and different periods of growth. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and organic fertilizers are the main factors in the year of the year; Apply more than 15kg of compound fertilizer per acre per year and apply it with organic fertilizer.
(3) Pruning: Camellia is mainly based on sparse shearing, heavy shearing in large years, and small young shearing. Cut off the dead branches, diseased branches, cross branches, thin inner lychees, foot branches, long branches, etc., after the annual fruit harvesting to the leap year sap flow.
(4) Adjusting density: densely planted forest land, generally 10 to 12 years, when the branches and leaves cover each other. At this time, depending on the forest land situation, within 2 to 3 years, the density adjustment will be carried out in 1 or 2 times, and the thin forest will be replanted and the forest will be replaced.
(5) High replacement crown: For some inferior plants in Chenglin, after two years of observation and calibration, use the excellent tree cuttings, using the subcutaneous branching method, the specific operation of the anvil, select the dry diameter 3-4 cm rootstock in the dry Saw at 40-80 cm high, prevent the rootstock from tearing when the anvil is broken, leave 2-3 main branches for each branch as nutrient branches and shading, and the rest are all removed; clean the rootstock with water and dry it with a grafting knife Flatten the kerf, the surface is high and low, slightly sloped; cut the anvil and peel the skin, cut the dry skin with a single-sided blade, deep into the xylem, peeling the skin in one direction, so as to be covered later; cut the ear, use the single The face blade is slightly below the bud base on the opposite side of the bud leaf, and it is cut obliquely straight down. It is about 2 long. The cut surface is slightly xylem, the base is visible, and a short incision is cut obliquely under the leaf bud, and then 2~3 from the petiole. Cut off at a millimeter, into a scion with 1 bud and 1 leaf, set in clear water for use, insert the scion, the long cut surface of the scion is inward, and insert it close to one side. The scion surface is slightly higher than the rootstock fracture to facilitate the healing of the scion rootstock. Peel the skin, because the tree is nutritious, it is convenient for excessive nutrient discharge; plastic soaked with water The bag is moisturized. When the bag is bagged, the bag is placed outside, the water is left in the bag, moisturizing, and the supporting bamboo raft is left outside the bag, so that the excess moisture in the bag is allowed to flow out, and the newspaper (bamboo clothes) is tied to the plastic in the east-west direction. The outer layer of the bag is shaded and goes to the moisturizing bag after 40 days but still needs to be shaded. Grafting time, the city is in the middle of late May to mid-June. The same piece of woodland must be completed within 1 to 2 years.
3, tea fruit harvesting and processing
Fruit ripening sign: The skin is smooth and the color is brighter. When the fruit of the red-skin type is mature, the peel is red with yellow, and the green type is white with white. The shell is dark black or yellowish brown, shiny, and the kernels are yellow with yellowish appearance.
Harvesting fully mature seeds not only increases oil production, but is also the original guarantee for reducing the acid value of tea oil. A suitable harvesting period is completed from 3 days before the fruit ripening period to 7 days after the fruit ripening period. Cold dew seeds were harvested in mid-October. The frost-fall seeds were harvested at the end of October, and the winter seeds were harvested in early November. It is strictly forbidden to pick early.
Harvesting method When the fruit is harvested, it is the time when the oil tea is contained, and it is strictly forbidden to take the fruit. After the fruit is harvested, the stacking time should not exceed 5-6 days. It should be spread out, and it should be turned over several times in a day to promote fruit cracking, remove the debris, and collect the seeds into the warehouse for pressing.
4, the main pests and diseases control
The main diseases of Camellia oleifera are anthracnose, soft rot, and bituminous coal. The main pests are stalkworm, tea-bone moth, beetle, weevil, anthill, tea caterpillar, chafer, leaf bee and so on.
The prevention and control of Camellia oleifera pests and diseases must implement the comprehensive prevention and control measures combining "anti-heavy treatment" and forest-based technology, combined with biological and drug control. In the process of re-cultivation and intercropping, it is necessary to pay attention to deep-buried diseased branches, diseased leaves and diseased fruits, killing eggs and insects, and cutting off historical strains. It is also necessary to protect and use natural enemies, such as protecting and cultivating natural enemies such as black ladybugs, red ladybugs, parasitic wasps, parasitic flies, fungi, etc. for biological control.
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