In addition to determining the appropriate application rate, the basic requirements for the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer should also pay attention to the following points:
1. Rational distribution of nitrogen fertilizer quantity and variety
Rational allocation of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to increase the total crop yield. At present, in some areas, the soil itself is rich in nitrogen reserves, and the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is quite high. On the contrary, some low-yielding areas cannot obtain an adequate supply of nitrogen fertilizer. If possible, more nitrogen should be distributed to areas with low yields and poor soils to increase the overall yield increase of nitrogen fertilizer.
It is also important to use nitrogen fertilizer varieties reasonably. If the nitrogen fertilizer is introduced into the paddy field, it will cause serious denitrification loss. If ammonium chloride is applied to the chlorine-repellent crop, it will affect the quality of the crop. It is assumed that the application of ammonium sulphate to the sulphur-depleted soil will help to improve soil sulphur levels and crop sulphur nutrients.
2. Coordination of nitrogen fertilizer with other fertilizers
The large nutrient elements required for crops, in addition to nitrogen, are phosphorus and potassium. In addition, the crop also needs medium nutrient elements such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur, and micronutrients such as boron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc and copper. Lack of any nutrient element can affect the normal development and yield of the crop. When there is an extreme lack of a certain nutrient element, the growth of the crop will love serious obstacles, and even the particles will not be harvested. Therefore, when applying nitrogen fertilizer, attention should be paid to the application of other nutrients with insufficient soil supply, especially phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, in order to achieve nutrient balance coordination. In the case of high-yield and high-yield nitrogen fertilizers, the demand for other nutrients in crops is increased, and it is more important to apply other fertilizers. Organic fertilizers include human and animal excrement, compost, straw, etc., containing a variety of nutrient elements, and most of the nitrogen in the organic fertilizer is released slowly, the fertilizer effect is stable and long, and the application with chemical nitrogen fertilizer is generally good. In short, the creation of coordinated nutrient conditions is an important aspect to improve the effect of nitrogen fertilizer production. In addition, a good soil environment and water conditions are also conducive to the effect of nitrogen fertilizer production.
3. Nitrogen application period
Different types and varieties of crops have different characteristics for nitrogen demand. For example, in the double-season early rice, there is a peak of nitrogen demand within three weeks after transfer, while in the single-season late rice, two peaks of nitrogen demand appear in the tillering and spike differentiation stages.
The inconsistency of soil nitrogen supply characteristics and crop nitrogen requirements can be adjusted by the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application period.
Measures to reduce nitrogen loss and increase nitrogen use efficiency
At present, the measures to reduce nitrogen loss mainly include the following aspects.
1. Mixed application, deep application and water management
A large number of field trials have shown that nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced in nitrogen loss by applying nitrogen fertilizer to the soil layer or applying a few centimeters below the soil surface. It is better to use the nitrogen fertilizer as a grain fertilizer of a few millimeters or 1 centimeter. Rice field trials have shown that the deep application of granular fertilizer reaches the same level of production as the powdered fertilizer, while the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced by about 1/3. However, in areas with high rainfall, light soil texture, and possible leaching losses, deep application measures should be taken with caution. Both mixed and deep application have the effect of reducing ammonia volatilization and denitrification loss.
Appropriate water management can also achieve the purpose of increasing nitrogen fertilizer production. For example, the application of base fertilizer on rice fields is more mixed with water layer. The effect of this mixed application is very poor. Most of the nitrogen remains in the surface water, and only a small part of the nitrogen is mixed into the soil. When the water layer is mixed with nitrogen fertilizer and then refilled with water, more nitrogen can be mixed into the soil to reduce the total ammonium and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the surface water, thereby reducing nitrogen loss. In addition, the paddy fields are dried, and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the surface to allow the water to bring the fertilizer into the soil layer. This method of taking nitrogen with water is also a measure to reduce nitrogen loss.
2. Slow-acting (long-acting) fertilizer
The slow-acting fertilizer is prepared by coating a surface of the granular nitrogen fertilizer with a film to gradually release the soluble nitrogen for crop absorption and utilization, which is beneficial to crop absorption, reducing nitrogen loss and biological fixation.
The application of slow-acting fertilizers can reduce at least some loss of nitrogen, but because of its high price, the objects to be applied should be mainly cash crops.
3. Fertilization period
According to the characteristics of crop nitrogen demand, the crop can only transfer the nitrogen absorbed by it to the economic output. Otherwise, the anti-hundredness will make the straw of the grain crops have high nitrogen content, high open rate, and the grain yield is not high.
For crops with a long growing season, in addition to the application of base fertilizer, one or several times of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied according to the nitrogen demand characteristics of crops to meet the demand of crops and obtain high yield.
4. Urease inhibitor
The use of urease inhibitors inhibits the hydrolysis of urea by urease, so that urea can diffuse and move to deeper soil layers, thereby reducing the total ammonium and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the surface soil of the dry land or in the paddy water to reduce ammonia volatilization. loss. The most studied urease inhibitors are o-phenylphosphoryl diamine, n-butyl thiophosphoric acid triamide and hydroquinone.
The International Fertilizer Center (Ifc) conducted rice field trials of phenylphosphorodiamine ( ppd ) in Southeast Asia and southern Africa, and achieved significant results. In the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands and other countries, the experiment of hydroquinone in wheat and pasture has also achieved good results. In some tests, there was an unstable phenomenon and an insignificant yield increase effect.
5. Nitrification inhibitors
The role of the nitrification inhibitor is to inhibit the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen by nitrifying bacteria, thereby reducing the leaching loss of nitrate lost by denitrification of nitrogen. Beginning in 1975, the US Environmental Protection Agency approved cp for use on crops such as corn, wheat, sorghum, cotton, rice, potatoes, tomatoes, and beets. In the Soviet Union and Germany, the ammonium nitrate was added to cmp, and the nitrification rate was reduced by 14 to 16%. Britain, Italy, France, Netherlands, India, Japan and other countries tested the ammonium sulphate of ammonium sulphate, which increased the yield of wheat and oats by more than 10%, and increased the protein and amino acids of wheat grains. Domestic tests cp, mercapto thiamine, etc., the effect is still unstable.
In summary, the scientific application method seems to improve the nitrogen fertilizer yield increase effect and reduce nitrogen loss, so as to improve the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and increase the yield increase effect.
Improving the application method of nitrogen fertilizer is a relatively feasible and effective measure to increase the effect of nitrogen fertilizer production and reduce nitrogen loss. Compared with the nitrogen fertilizer application, mixed application has certain effects and has been widely used in agricultural production practice. Deep application is better than mixed application, and it should actively solve the fertilization process and promote it in practice. Taking nitrogen with water to allow irrigation water or rainfall to bring the nitrogen fertilizer applied to the soil layer is another measure to increase the yield of nitrogen fertilizer.
1. Rational distribution of nitrogen fertilizer quantity and variety
Rational allocation of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to increase the total crop yield. At present, in some areas, the soil itself is rich in nitrogen reserves, and the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is quite high. On the contrary, some low-yielding areas cannot obtain an adequate supply of nitrogen fertilizer. If possible, more nitrogen should be distributed to areas with low yields and poor soils to increase the overall yield increase of nitrogen fertilizer.
It is also important to use nitrogen fertilizer varieties reasonably. If the nitrogen fertilizer is introduced into the paddy field, it will cause serious denitrification loss. If ammonium chloride is applied to the chlorine-repellent crop, it will affect the quality of the crop. It is assumed that the application of ammonium sulphate to the sulphur-depleted soil will help to improve soil sulphur levels and crop sulphur nutrients.
2. Coordination of nitrogen fertilizer with other fertilizers
The large nutrient elements required for crops, in addition to nitrogen, are phosphorus and potassium. In addition, the crop also needs medium nutrient elements such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur, and micronutrients such as boron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc and copper. Lack of any nutrient element can affect the normal development and yield of the crop. When there is an extreme lack of a certain nutrient element, the growth of the crop will love serious obstacles, and even the particles will not be harvested. Therefore, when applying nitrogen fertilizer, attention should be paid to the application of other nutrients with insufficient soil supply, especially phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, in order to achieve nutrient balance coordination. In the case of high-yield and high-yield nitrogen fertilizers, the demand for other nutrients in crops is increased, and it is more important to apply other fertilizers. Organic fertilizers include human and animal excrement, compost, straw, etc., containing a variety of nutrient elements, and most of the nitrogen in the organic fertilizer is released slowly, the fertilizer effect is stable and long, and the application with chemical nitrogen fertilizer is generally good. In short, the creation of coordinated nutrient conditions is an important aspect to improve the effect of nitrogen fertilizer production. In addition, a good soil environment and water conditions are also conducive to the effect of nitrogen fertilizer production.
3. Nitrogen application period
Different types and varieties of crops have different characteristics for nitrogen demand. For example, in the double-season early rice, there is a peak of nitrogen demand within three weeks after transfer, while in the single-season late rice, two peaks of nitrogen demand appear in the tillering and spike differentiation stages.
The inconsistency of soil nitrogen supply characteristics and crop nitrogen requirements can be adjusted by the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application period.
Measures to reduce nitrogen loss and increase nitrogen use efficiency
At present, the measures to reduce nitrogen loss mainly include the following aspects.
1. Mixed application, deep application and water management
A large number of field trials have shown that nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced in nitrogen loss by applying nitrogen fertilizer to the soil layer or applying a few centimeters below the soil surface. It is better to use the nitrogen fertilizer as a grain fertilizer of a few millimeters or 1 centimeter. Rice field trials have shown that the deep application of granular fertilizer reaches the same level of production as the powdered fertilizer, while the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced by about 1/3. However, in areas with high rainfall, light soil texture, and possible leaching losses, deep application measures should be taken with caution. Both mixed and deep application have the effect of reducing ammonia volatilization and denitrification loss.
Appropriate water management can also achieve the purpose of increasing nitrogen fertilizer production. For example, the application of base fertilizer on rice fields is more mixed with water layer. The effect of this mixed application is very poor. Most of the nitrogen remains in the surface water, and only a small part of the nitrogen is mixed into the soil. When the water layer is mixed with nitrogen fertilizer and then refilled with water, more nitrogen can be mixed into the soil to reduce the total ammonium and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the surface water, thereby reducing nitrogen loss. In addition, the paddy fields are dried, and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the surface to allow the water to bring the fertilizer into the soil layer. This method of taking nitrogen with water is also a measure to reduce nitrogen loss.
2. Slow-acting (long-acting) fertilizer
The slow-acting fertilizer is prepared by coating a surface of the granular nitrogen fertilizer with a film to gradually release the soluble nitrogen for crop absorption and utilization, which is beneficial to crop absorption, reducing nitrogen loss and biological fixation.
The application of slow-acting fertilizers can reduce at least some loss of nitrogen, but because of its high price, the objects to be applied should be mainly cash crops.
3. Fertilization period
According to the characteristics of crop nitrogen demand, the crop can only transfer the nitrogen absorbed by it to the economic output. Otherwise, the anti-hundredness will make the straw of the grain crops have high nitrogen content, high open rate, and the grain yield is not high.
For crops with a long growing season, in addition to the application of base fertilizer, one or several times of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied according to the nitrogen demand characteristics of crops to meet the demand of crops and obtain high yield.
4. Urease inhibitor
The use of urease inhibitors inhibits the hydrolysis of urea by urease, so that urea can diffuse and move to deeper soil layers, thereby reducing the total ammonium and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the surface soil of the dry land or in the paddy water to reduce ammonia volatilization. loss. The most studied urease inhibitors are o-phenylphosphoryl diamine, n-butyl thiophosphoric acid triamide and hydroquinone.
The International Fertilizer Center (Ifc) conducted rice field trials of phenylphosphorodiamine ( ppd ) in Southeast Asia and southern Africa, and achieved significant results. In the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands and other countries, the experiment of hydroquinone in wheat and pasture has also achieved good results. In some tests, there was an unstable phenomenon and an insignificant yield increase effect.
5. Nitrification inhibitors
The role of the nitrification inhibitor is to inhibit the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen by nitrifying bacteria, thereby reducing the leaching loss of nitrate lost by denitrification of nitrogen. Beginning in 1975, the US Environmental Protection Agency approved cp for use on crops such as corn, wheat, sorghum, cotton, rice, potatoes, tomatoes, and beets. In the Soviet Union and Germany, the ammonium nitrate was added to cmp, and the nitrification rate was reduced by 14 to 16%. Britain, Italy, France, Netherlands, India, Japan and other countries tested the ammonium sulphate of ammonium sulphate, which increased the yield of wheat and oats by more than 10%, and increased the protein and amino acids of wheat grains. Domestic tests cp, mercapto thiamine, etc., the effect is still unstable.
In summary, the scientific application method seems to improve the nitrogen fertilizer yield increase effect and reduce nitrogen loss, so as to improve the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and increase the yield increase effect.
Improving the application method of nitrogen fertilizer is a relatively feasible and effective measure to increase the effect of nitrogen fertilizer production and reduce nitrogen loss. Compared with the nitrogen fertilizer application, mixed application has certain effects and has been widely used in agricultural production practice. Deep application is better than mixed application, and it should actively solve the fertilization process and promote it in practice. Taking nitrogen with water to allow irrigation water or rainfall to bring the nitrogen fertilizer applied to the soil layer is another measure to increase the yield of nitrogen fertilizer.
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