Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of China's manufacturing industry, the level of manufacturing technology has also entered the forefront of the world. Although the current technological innovation capability of China's manufacturing industry has been improved to varying degrees, the average level is still relatively low. Basically, it is based on progressive creation and product innovation. There are few breakthrough innovations and technological innovations. Less, added value and low technical content. On the other hand, with the development of individualized and diversified social needs, the scale of production has been developed in the direction of small batches – large quantities – multiple varieties and batches, and the introduction of high-tech and modern management technologies represented by computers. Infiltration and melting have constantly changed the face and connotation of traditional manufacturing technology. Therefore, it is necessary to re-examine the opportunities and challenges faced by China's Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) in the new era.
1 Development miles of manufacturing technology
The development of manufacturing technology in China can be divided into three stages:
1.1 manual production stage
At this stage, the means and level of manufacturing are relatively low. It is produced for individuals and small workshops. It embodies the integration of body and brain, design and manufacturing. The technical level depends on experience. Most of them are single-piece and small-batch production methods. The needs of human development at the time.
1.2 Large industrial production stage
Driven by the market economy, the market demand has been greatly improved. In addition, the improvement of science and technology and the introduction of foreign technology have greatly improved the manufacturing methods and levels, and formed a large industrial production mode. Strict division of labor and production schedule have formed an automatic production line. The mass production of a single variety is the biggest feature of this stage, but it also brings about the separation of design and manufacturing separation and body brain. With the continuous development of China's economy, the continuous improvement of people's demand for material culture and the rapid development of science and technology around the world, the speed of product upgrading has been accelerating, and the market demand for rapid response to multi-variety and single-piece small batch production products has become a Outstanding contradictions.
1.3 virtual reality industrial production stage
From the perspective of the development of manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry, China will integrate information technology, computer technology and network technology into the concept of AMT in the 21st century, and adopt integrated manufacturing, concurrent engineering, computer simulation, virtual manufacturing and dynamic on a large scale. Initiatives such as alliances and e-commerce combine design and manufacturing, and use the virtual reality method to integrate the design and manufacturing phases of the product, and the problems in manufacturing can be found in the design. In addition, another feature of this stage is the ability to gather manufacturing resources around the world for collaborative production worldwide, reducing time to market and improving product quality.
2 AMT puts new demands on China's manufacturing industry
2.1 Digital Manufacturing - the core of AMT
The integration of digital technology and manufacturing technology forms digital manufacturing technology, and its main connotations are:
(1) The upstream backbone technology group with QFD/CADD/DFX/VM/RP/CAM/CAE and molding and processing technology simulation as the main body.
(2) A downstream digital control technology group consisting of NC/NGC/CNC/DNC/FMC/PFMC/FMS/PFMS/Web-based manufacturing, no-drawing manufacturing, robotics, and logistics systems.
(3) Manufacturing information support technology group with the theme of IGES/STEP/MRP II/ERP/MIS/PDM/TDM, engineering database and Internet.
2.2 Precision - the key to the development of AMT
On the one hand, precision refers to the increasing accuracy of products and parts; on the other hand, it means that the processing precision of products and parts is getting higher and higher. Machining accuracy and its development can be divided into precision machining, micromachining, nanofabrication and so on. At the beginning of the 20th century, the error of ultra-precision machining was 10 μm, which has reached 0.001 μm, which is 1 nm. The manufacture of microelectronic chips has the so-called "three super": (1) ultra-clean, the dust particles in the processing workshop are less than 1μm in diameter, the number of particles is less than 0.1/0.028m3; (2) ultra-pure, harmful impurities in the chip material, the content is less than One billionth; (3) super fine, processing accuracy up to nanometer. Obviously, without advanced manufacturing technology, there is no advanced electronic technology equipment.
2.3 Extremeization - the focus of AMT development
Extremeization refers to products that work under extreme conditions or have extreme requirements, and thus also refers to the "extreme" requirements for the manufacturing technology of such products. Working under conditions of high temperature, high pressure, high humidity, strong magnetic field, strong corrosion, etc., or high hardness, large elasticity, etc., or extremely large, extremely small, extremely thick, extremely thin, and odd-shaped in the geometric shape. For example, a cutting-edge technology called “Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS)â€, which is highly regarded by industrialized countries, is used in molecular memory and chip processing equipment in the field of information; cloning technology and gene operating system in the field of life; and precision in military weapons. Guidance technology, precision strike technology; micro-aircraft in the aerospace field, micro-satellite, "nano" satellite (within 0.1kg); and medical micro-robots.
2.4 Automation - Conditions for AMT Development
From automatic control, automatic adjustment, automatic compensation and automatic identification to self-learning, self-organization, self-maintenance and self-repair, the connotation and level of automatic control is not the same. In control theory (the theory and method of Agent system, network-based control theory, control theory of complex systems, etc.), control technology (intelligent detection, multimedia information detection, etc.), systems (network control systems, complex systems, etc.), control Automation technology is a prerequisite for the development of AMT, relying on components (sensory components with biometrics, etc.).
2.5 Integration - AMT development approach
The integration of AMT includes the following aspects:
(1) Integration of modern technologies (such as machine, electricity, liquid, and gas integration technologies). The integration of modern technology often involves the intersection of detection sensing technology, information processing technology, automatic control technology, servo transmission technology, precision mechanical technology, system overall technology, hydraulic/pneumatic transmission and so on.
(2) Integration of processing technologies (such as special processing technology and equipment).
(3) Enterprise integration (such as concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing, lean production, CIMS, etc.). Including the integration of production information, functions, processes; integration of production processes, integration of life cycle processes; integration within the enterprise, integration outside the enterprise.
2.6 Networking - the development path of AMT
The networking of manufacturing technology is the only way to develop advanced manufacturing technologies. It is mainly embodied in two aspects. One is to use the network to fully enjoy the relevant resources in the product design, manufacturing and production management activities and even the entire business process of the enterprise, that is, to quickly mobilize organic integration and efficient use of relevant manufacturing resources; second, the manufacturing process and The decentralization and networking of the organization has enabled the company to concentrate on its most competitive core business.
2.7 Intelligentization - the development prospects of AMT
The basis of the intelligent manufacturing model is the intelligent manufacturing system. The intelligent manufacturing system is not only the application environment formed by the integration of intelligence and technology, but also the carrier of the intelligent manufacturing mode. Compared with traditional manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing systems have the following characteristics: (1) human-machine integration; (2) self-discipline; (3) self-organization and super-flexibility; (4) learning ability and self-maintenance; (5) In the future, the ability to have more advanced humanoid thinking.
2.8 Green - the inevitable development of AMT
In the manufacturing process, in addition to comprehensive consideration of the product's TQCS (Time, Quality, Cost, Service) attributes, but also pay attention to the product's E (Environment) attribute, that is, the greenness of the product used, in the international environmental standard ISO14000 in January 1996 After the formal promulgation and implementation, this will increasingly become an important factor in measuring product performance. Manufacturing products must be fully involved in environmental protection from conception to design, manufacturing, sales, use and maintenance, to recycling and remanufacturing. Manufacturing must move toward “green†manufacturing. The development of forming manufacturing technology to the net forming direction, the application of dry processing, the development of process simulation technology, and the emergence of new manufacturing technologies such as RPM/LOM/FDM are important manifestations of green manufacturing technology applications.
3 The bottleneck that restricts the development of China's manufacturing industry
3.1 The drawbacks of serial manufacturing
At present, enterprise manufacturing lacks interoperable system application software, and the exchange of design data is limited; the process data exchange standard is also hindered by the difficulty of process personalization and integration; the enterprise encounters in the integration of resource planning and design functions. It is very difficult; the manufacture of products and the optimization of their life cycle are still difficult to achieve.
3.2 Contradiction between traditional technology and high technology
China built a relatively complete manufacturing system in the 1960s and 1970s, but its level is still very low, and it has not accelerated the development of high-tech such as information technology. Therefore, after the reform and opening up, China's manufacturing technology cannot adapt to the needs of the market economy in terms of system and technology. In addition, while introducing international advanced technology, the relationship between introduction and self-reliance has not been handled well. Self-reliance is the basic national policy. The introduction should be through digestion, absorption, and tracking, innovation, and self-production.
3.3 Environmental protection and governance are not enough
With the increasing social attention to environmental protection issues, the government should also increase its efforts in encouraging decision-making such as strengthening environmental protection awareness, strictly controlling the environment, and implementing management responsibility system. There is still a lot of potential to tap into how to use resources more efficiently, increase the use of recycled materials, and generate waste-free substances or products.
3.4 Contradiction between unit technology and industry
Driven by the current market situation, it is most effective to combine manufacturing products to develop manufacturing technology. However, China’s overall level of high, large, sophisticated, sophisticated, thermal, and basic industries and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are far from enough. . For example, China's CNC machine tools have been tackling for decades, but the results have not been ideal enough. It is worth pondering. There are technical problems, organizational problems and strategic issues. Unit technology is the foundation, but the overall level of the industry is a guarantee for industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.
3.5 Lack of talent
In China, the long-term lack of professional and technical personnel of state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises has greatly weakened the development capability of new products and new technologies. On the one hand, large numbers of outstanding talents in colleges and universities choose to go abroad, even if they stay in China, they are more willing to work for foreign-funded enterprises and Sino-foreign joint ventures; on the other hand, formal technical training institutions are often despised, which makes our technical workers A large amount of loss has led to a low overall level of manufacturing.
4 Summary
Nearly two or three decades, Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing/Computer Aided Engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE), Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP), Group Technology (GT), Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), Flexible Manufacturing ( FM), "X"-oriented design (DFX), sophisticated production (LP), optimal production technology (OPT), concurrent engineering (CE), enterprise process reengineering (BPR), product data management (PDM), manufacturing resource planning (MRP II), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Management Information System (MIS), Total Quality Management (TQM), Total Production Maintenance (TPM), Agile Manufacturing (AM), Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) ), virtual product development (VPD), virtual manufacturing (VM), collaborative manufacturing (CM), remote control (RM), rapid prototyping (RP), green manufacturing (GM), bio-manufacturing (BM), modern integrated manufacturing ( AMT technology such as CIM) began to be gradually applied in industrial production in China, and it has increasingly shown the great potential of AMT in industry. Although some technologies are just getting started, they have much in common in corporate goals, management models, operational mechanisms, key technologies, and production processes. These commonalities form the direction of AMT.
Some scholars have predicted that according to the law of the industrial revolution in the history of mankind, a new industrial revolution will emerge in the 1950s. For China, this will be a challenge and an opportunity. China should accelerate the establishment of a technology-centered technology innovation system, realize technological innovation, organizational innovation, management innovation and talent innovation, and create a healthy and positive environment for the development of manufacturing technology, from number, precision, extreme, self, collection, Net, intellectual, green and other aspects of efforts, then the new industrial revolution in China will not be a dream.
1 Development miles of manufacturing technology
The development of manufacturing technology in China can be divided into three stages:
1.1 manual production stage
At this stage, the means and level of manufacturing are relatively low. It is produced for individuals and small workshops. It embodies the integration of body and brain, design and manufacturing. The technical level depends on experience. Most of them are single-piece and small-batch production methods. The needs of human development at the time.
1.2 Large industrial production stage
Driven by the market economy, the market demand has been greatly improved. In addition, the improvement of science and technology and the introduction of foreign technology have greatly improved the manufacturing methods and levels, and formed a large industrial production mode. Strict division of labor and production schedule have formed an automatic production line. The mass production of a single variety is the biggest feature of this stage, but it also brings about the separation of design and manufacturing separation and body brain. With the continuous development of China's economy, the continuous improvement of people's demand for material culture and the rapid development of science and technology around the world, the speed of product upgrading has been accelerating, and the market demand for rapid response to multi-variety and single-piece small batch production products has become a Outstanding contradictions.
1.3 virtual reality industrial production stage
From the perspective of the development of manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry, China will integrate information technology, computer technology and network technology into the concept of AMT in the 21st century, and adopt integrated manufacturing, concurrent engineering, computer simulation, virtual manufacturing and dynamic on a large scale. Initiatives such as alliances and e-commerce combine design and manufacturing, and use the virtual reality method to integrate the design and manufacturing phases of the product, and the problems in manufacturing can be found in the design. In addition, another feature of this stage is the ability to gather manufacturing resources around the world for collaborative production worldwide, reducing time to market and improving product quality.
2 AMT puts new demands on China's manufacturing industry
2.1 Digital Manufacturing - the core of AMT
The integration of digital technology and manufacturing technology forms digital manufacturing technology, and its main connotations are:
(1) The upstream backbone technology group with QFD/CADD/DFX/VM/RP/CAM/CAE and molding and processing technology simulation as the main body.
(2) A downstream digital control technology group consisting of NC/NGC/CNC/DNC/FMC/PFMC/FMS/PFMS/Web-based manufacturing, no-drawing manufacturing, robotics, and logistics systems.
(3) Manufacturing information support technology group with the theme of IGES/STEP/MRP II/ERP/MIS/PDM/TDM, engineering database and Internet.
2.2 Precision - the key to the development of AMT
On the one hand, precision refers to the increasing accuracy of products and parts; on the other hand, it means that the processing precision of products and parts is getting higher and higher. Machining accuracy and its development can be divided into precision machining, micromachining, nanofabrication and so on. At the beginning of the 20th century, the error of ultra-precision machining was 10 μm, which has reached 0.001 μm, which is 1 nm. The manufacture of microelectronic chips has the so-called "three super": (1) ultra-clean, the dust particles in the processing workshop are less than 1μm in diameter, the number of particles is less than 0.1/0.028m3; (2) ultra-pure, harmful impurities in the chip material, the content is less than One billionth; (3) super fine, processing accuracy up to nanometer. Obviously, without advanced manufacturing technology, there is no advanced electronic technology equipment.
2.3 Extremeization - the focus of AMT development
Extremeization refers to products that work under extreme conditions or have extreme requirements, and thus also refers to the "extreme" requirements for the manufacturing technology of such products. Working under conditions of high temperature, high pressure, high humidity, strong magnetic field, strong corrosion, etc., or high hardness, large elasticity, etc., or extremely large, extremely small, extremely thick, extremely thin, and odd-shaped in the geometric shape. For example, a cutting-edge technology called “Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS)â€, which is highly regarded by industrialized countries, is used in molecular memory and chip processing equipment in the field of information; cloning technology and gene operating system in the field of life; and precision in military weapons. Guidance technology, precision strike technology; micro-aircraft in the aerospace field, micro-satellite, "nano" satellite (within 0.1kg); and medical micro-robots.
2.4 Automation - Conditions for AMT Development
From automatic control, automatic adjustment, automatic compensation and automatic identification to self-learning, self-organization, self-maintenance and self-repair, the connotation and level of automatic control is not the same. In control theory (the theory and method of Agent system, network-based control theory, control theory of complex systems, etc.), control technology (intelligent detection, multimedia information detection, etc.), systems (network control systems, complex systems, etc.), control Automation technology is a prerequisite for the development of AMT, relying on components (sensory components with biometrics, etc.).
2.5 Integration - AMT development approach
The integration of AMT includes the following aspects:
(1) Integration of modern technologies (such as machine, electricity, liquid, and gas integration technologies). The integration of modern technology often involves the intersection of detection sensing technology, information processing technology, automatic control technology, servo transmission technology, precision mechanical technology, system overall technology, hydraulic/pneumatic transmission and so on.
(2) Integration of processing technologies (such as special processing technology and equipment).
(3) Enterprise integration (such as concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing, lean production, CIMS, etc.). Including the integration of production information, functions, processes; integration of production processes, integration of life cycle processes; integration within the enterprise, integration outside the enterprise.
2.6 Networking - the development path of AMT
The networking of manufacturing technology is the only way to develop advanced manufacturing technologies. It is mainly embodied in two aspects. One is to use the network to fully enjoy the relevant resources in the product design, manufacturing and production management activities and even the entire business process of the enterprise, that is, to quickly mobilize organic integration and efficient use of relevant manufacturing resources; second, the manufacturing process and The decentralization and networking of the organization has enabled the company to concentrate on its most competitive core business.
2.7 Intelligentization - the development prospects of AMT
The basis of the intelligent manufacturing model is the intelligent manufacturing system. The intelligent manufacturing system is not only the application environment formed by the integration of intelligence and technology, but also the carrier of the intelligent manufacturing mode. Compared with traditional manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing systems have the following characteristics: (1) human-machine integration; (2) self-discipline; (3) self-organization and super-flexibility; (4) learning ability and self-maintenance; (5) In the future, the ability to have more advanced humanoid thinking.
2.8 Green - the inevitable development of AMT
In the manufacturing process, in addition to comprehensive consideration of the product's TQCS (Time, Quality, Cost, Service) attributes, but also pay attention to the product's E (Environment) attribute, that is, the greenness of the product used, in the international environmental standard ISO14000 in January 1996 After the formal promulgation and implementation, this will increasingly become an important factor in measuring product performance. Manufacturing products must be fully involved in environmental protection from conception to design, manufacturing, sales, use and maintenance, to recycling and remanufacturing. Manufacturing must move toward “green†manufacturing. The development of forming manufacturing technology to the net forming direction, the application of dry processing, the development of process simulation technology, and the emergence of new manufacturing technologies such as RPM/LOM/FDM are important manifestations of green manufacturing technology applications.
3 The bottleneck that restricts the development of China's manufacturing industry
3.1 The drawbacks of serial manufacturing
At present, enterprise manufacturing lacks interoperable system application software, and the exchange of design data is limited; the process data exchange standard is also hindered by the difficulty of process personalization and integration; the enterprise encounters in the integration of resource planning and design functions. It is very difficult; the manufacture of products and the optimization of their life cycle are still difficult to achieve.
3.2 Contradiction between traditional technology and high technology
China built a relatively complete manufacturing system in the 1960s and 1970s, but its level is still very low, and it has not accelerated the development of high-tech such as information technology. Therefore, after the reform and opening up, China's manufacturing technology cannot adapt to the needs of the market economy in terms of system and technology. In addition, while introducing international advanced technology, the relationship between introduction and self-reliance has not been handled well. Self-reliance is the basic national policy. The introduction should be through digestion, absorption, and tracking, innovation, and self-production.
3.3 Environmental protection and governance are not enough
With the increasing social attention to environmental protection issues, the government should also increase its efforts in encouraging decision-making such as strengthening environmental protection awareness, strictly controlling the environment, and implementing management responsibility system. There is still a lot of potential to tap into how to use resources more efficiently, increase the use of recycled materials, and generate waste-free substances or products.
3.4 Contradiction between unit technology and industry
Driven by the current market situation, it is most effective to combine manufacturing products to develop manufacturing technology. However, China’s overall level of high, large, sophisticated, sophisticated, thermal, and basic industries and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are far from enough. . For example, China's CNC machine tools have been tackling for decades, but the results have not been ideal enough. It is worth pondering. There are technical problems, organizational problems and strategic issues. Unit technology is the foundation, but the overall level of the industry is a guarantee for industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.
3.5 Lack of talent
In China, the long-term lack of professional and technical personnel of state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises has greatly weakened the development capability of new products and new technologies. On the one hand, large numbers of outstanding talents in colleges and universities choose to go abroad, even if they stay in China, they are more willing to work for foreign-funded enterprises and Sino-foreign joint ventures; on the other hand, formal technical training institutions are often despised, which makes our technical workers A large amount of loss has led to a low overall level of manufacturing.
4 Summary
Nearly two or three decades, Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing/Computer Aided Engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE), Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP), Group Technology (GT), Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), Flexible Manufacturing ( FM), "X"-oriented design (DFX), sophisticated production (LP), optimal production technology (OPT), concurrent engineering (CE), enterprise process reengineering (BPR), product data management (PDM), manufacturing resource planning (MRP II), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Management Information System (MIS), Total Quality Management (TQM), Total Production Maintenance (TPM), Agile Manufacturing (AM), Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) ), virtual product development (VPD), virtual manufacturing (VM), collaborative manufacturing (CM), remote control (RM), rapid prototyping (RP), green manufacturing (GM), bio-manufacturing (BM), modern integrated manufacturing ( AMT technology such as CIM) began to be gradually applied in industrial production in China, and it has increasingly shown the great potential of AMT in industry. Although some technologies are just getting started, they have much in common in corporate goals, management models, operational mechanisms, key technologies, and production processes. These commonalities form the direction of AMT.
Some scholars have predicted that according to the law of the industrial revolution in the history of mankind, a new industrial revolution will emerge in the 1950s. For China, this will be a challenge and an opportunity. China should accelerate the establishment of a technology-centered technology innovation system, realize technological innovation, organizational innovation, management innovation and talent innovation, and create a healthy and positive environment for the development of manufacturing technology, from number, precision, extreme, self, collection, Net, intellectual, green and other aspects of efforts, then the new industrial revolution in China will not be a dream.
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