Control of restricted production stings the world in Europe and America pressure
Recently, the issue of rare earth export quotas that have attracted much attention has once again become the focus of the global economy. On July 5th, the WTO ruled that China restricts the export of 9 kinds of raw materials such as bauxite and zinc and violates the trade agreement. People in the industry generally believe that although this case does not involve rare earth products, there is no doubt that there are suggestions to ask for directions. The next step will be to point to China's rare earth export control. Europe, the United States, Japan, and other countries will continue to fight rare earth “litigations†in China under the framework of the World Trade Organization, and will ask China to relax the tightening of rare earth export quotas.
Zhao Yumin, an expert from the Ministry of Commerce Research Institute, told reporters that China’s reduction of rare earth export quotas, most of the world’s media only focused on the strategic of this policy, but they ignored the “disaster†brought about by rare earth mining. She pointed out that, in fact, China’s rare earths have long sold off the prices of Chinese cabbage because of the government’s failure. The income from the sale of rare earths is far from enough to repair the environmental damage caused by the exploitation of rare earths. "China's protection of the environment as a reason, limiting the export of nine kinds of raw materials, this reason should be sufficient."
However, she also stated that the WTO ruling has legal effect. If China does not comply, the WTO will cancel some of its commitments to China, such as removing tariff barriers. “The WTO’s ruling is clearly a decision under the trade rules.†According to the Ministry of Commerce’s Academy’s expert Mei Xinyu, China’s final dismissal or the majority of losses in this dispute is more likely to be in, but China has no way out, only Can find other ways.
In spite of this, "China cannot sacrifice its own environment and future generations to benefit other countries." Mei Xinyu said. In his view, the side effects of certain unfair conditions promised by China at the time of its accession to the WTO are gradually being exposed, and the most important experience in solving trade disputes is "squeaky."
Zhou Shiyi, a senior researcher at the Sino-U.S. Research Center at Tsinghua University, knows well the operation and rules of the WTO. His attitude towards this ruling is very clear: “China should appeal.†He pointed out that protecting resources and environment is justified. In addition, the WTO ruling has been biased to exert pressure on Europe and the United States against China, contrary to the principle of “prevention of discrimination†and “fair trade†advocated by the United States. In fact, the WTO has still not expressed its position on this issue.
Phoenix Satellite TV commentator Ji Shuoming pointed out that the WTO ruling was based on two reasons. First, tariffs did not meet China's relevant commitments. The other was that export restrictions did not comply with the relevant provisions of the WTO. However, the specific content of China’s commitments was unclear. Therefore, in his view, China is unlikely to succumb to the relaxation of rare earth export requirements. "China will definitely express some of its own arguments through the appeal mechanism."
Environmental claims are not accepted
Different internal and external policies to be adjusted
The United States and Europe can implement high-tech ** on China’s ideology grounds. China cannot restrict raw material exports on the grounds of environmental protection. The WTO’s ruling does not adopt such defenses as China’s “environmental protection needsâ€, and it is very obvious for Europe and the United States. . Why is China's restrictions on the export of rare earths not supported by the WTO? Under the siege of all sides, does China still have any good policy to break through?
Bloomberg quoted the former World Trade Organization's Appeals and Acceptance Commission as saying that it would be very difficult for China to defend its rare earth export restrictions at the WTO, because China has not restricted the use of rare earths by domestic producers while restricting the export of rare earths.
According to the experts, according to the ruling of the WTO, China will be treated equally internally and externally, eliminating a lot of excuse. "In addition to purging the domestic market in accordance with the rules of international trade, adjusting the current rare earth policy may be a path for China to participate in the international market game," said Lin Donglu, secretary general of the China Rare Earth Society.
For a long time, one of the major problems in China's rare earth industry is that the industry resources and the main body are too fragmented. They are easily used by the outside world and are destroyed. The price cannot be controlled. Rare earth smuggling is even more rampant. From 1995 to 2005, the export volume of rare earths in China increased by 10 times, and the price was less than 70%.
Correspondingly, the over-exploitation and storage of rare earths in China has dropped dramatically. Public data shows that the proportion of China's rare earths in global reserves has sharply dropped from 90% before the 1970s to 43% in 1996, and further dropped to 31% in 2009.
Chinese rare earth must be upgraded and upgraded
To the high end of the industry chain
Due to the rare earth imports from Japan and the United States, and 2-3% of national rare earth product exports, its policy adjustment will inevitably affect the future pattern of the global rare earth market, affecting the future value of China's rare earth resources. Experts said that if China’s rare earth industry cannot upgrade its technology, it will be passive in the future competition.
In an interview with reporters, Meng Xuejiang, secretary general of the Jiangxi Provincial Society of Rare Earths, pointed out that although China has abundant rare earth resources, research in the field of rare earth applications lags far behind that of Western developed countries. "Japan is currently the world's highest value-added country for the application of rare earths. Rare earths account for more than 90% of total consumption in high-tech fields, while China's rare earths are mainly used in traditional fields, but not in high-tech fields. 50%, especially in the field of rare earth new materials, we have almost no independent intellectual property rights."
Zhang Anwen, deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, also pointed out: "To expand the use of high technology, we must jump out of rare earths to see rare earths and develop rare earths in addition to rare earths." Deng Xiaoping once gave important instructions to China's rare earth industry. "There is oil in the Middle East, China. With rare earths, we must do a good job of managing rare earths and give play to the advantages of rare earths in China."
The vice president of the China Minmetals Chemicals Import and Export Chamber of Commerce suggested that the use of rare earth functional materials in the manufacture of various devices and complete machines will be the key to the future development of the Chinese rare earth industry. He believes that in the rare earth industry chain, China is basically at the low end of the value chain, and the application part is basically in a state of backwardness. Therefore, China's rare earth must be transformed and upgraded to the high end of the industrial chain. In addition, it can also cooperate with Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries to carry out technical cooperation in the field of rare earth applications.
Management chaos and destroy one
Industry governance needs to be accelerated
Another reason for the sharp reduction is the unpredictability of rare earth resources over the years. Lin Donglu told reporters that the rare earth industry has been conducting rough production. In past years, the phenomenon of indiscriminate mining by small mine owners abounds, and it is often used as a result of a waste of resources. Coupled with the lack of law enforcement in some local regulatory authorities and the growth of the phenomenon, the rare earths have been largely lost through illegal channels.
Due to the chaotic management system, in 2002, China had planned to form two major rare earth groups in the north and south, integrating rare earth resources in Baotou and Jiangxi as the center, but it has been unable to coordinate and unify, and the passive situation has not changed. In this context, China's integration of the rare earth market has become even more urgent. The interviewed experts pointed out to the newspaper that at present, the management is studying and formulating countermeasures. “China will not yield to the pressure of the West in the US and Europe.†Lin Donglu pointed out that China’s basic control over rare earth production and export is still to grasp the total control. Seize rare earth exports, on the one hand to tighten the rare earth mining, to a certain extent, can cure chaos in the rare earth market.
Among them, one of the important tools for controlling exports is "quotas." According to relevant data from the Ministry of Commerce, the total quota of rare earth exports issued by the Ministry of Commerce in 2010 decreased by nearly 40% from 2009, which is unprecedented in the history of China's rare earth exports. In 2011, the first batch of rare earth export quotas decreased by approximately 11.4% compared with 2010.
In addition, just one day after the WTO ruling, the national rare earth export work conference was convened. Zhong Shan, deputy minister of the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and deputy representative of international trade negotiations, pointed out that the Ministry of Commerce will reinforce the Chinese rare earth market with an iron fist, in addition to the formation of several large rare earth groups. We will also impose stricter supervision on rare earth companies' market access, production and consumption, and exports. Experts said that it does not rule out the need to legislate and raise rare earth resources tax to regulate the rare earth market.
Countries are looking for solutions
New mines are mostly false
In fact, starting from 2009, due to the rebound of rare earth prices, the continuous deep integration of China's rare earth industry has made foreign rare earth demanders feel less secure. In addition to exerting pressure on the Chinese government on the one hand, the United States, Japan, and Europe are also seeking diversification of rare earth supplies through other channels.
In recent years, Japan has been the largest importer of rare earth products in China, and the import volume of ** rare earth exports is 1/3. After China reduced the supply of rare earths, Japan had to adjust its market strategy and rebuild the supply and consumption of rare earths. The Japanese Diet passed an additional budget in October 2010, partly for cooperation with third countries in the development of rare earth resources, and signed agreements with the United States, Mongolia, and Uzbekistan for the development of rare earth mineral resources.
In order to get rid of the fact that rare earth imports are heavily dependent on China, Japan is stepping up its research and development of recycling and replacement technologies for rare earth resources. In Japan’s economic stimulus plan announced in 2010, the development of alternative technologies for rare earth resources was initiated. Hitachi has developed technology to recover rare earths from electronic products and plans to launch recycling facilities in 2013.
The latest news is that Japanese researchers have investigated the seafloor rare earth content in various locations in the Pacific Ocean, showing that the Pacific seabed is rich in rare earth resources. According to the news of the Nikkei Shimbun, this deposit contains about 100 billion tons of rare earths, which can recover 1000 times more than land.
However, the academic community is skeptical about the operability of deep-sea resource development. Some analysts have even described it as "hungerless food." Insiders pointed out that, to some extent, this news is more like a battle of rarity about rare earths. It even contains political motives, which is intended to exert pressure on China to increase its rare earth exports again.
He Maochun, research center of economic diplomacy at Tsinghua University, believes that the current ** attention to this news is somewhat hype, and it is not ruled out that some large rare earth buyers want to use this to impose pressure on the price of rare earth exporters. Chinese rare earth companies will not be swayed by this kind of news. They will continue to adhere to the strategy of rational development while protecting the environment. They will not reduce prices to cater to this speculation.
In fact, Western countries have already broken news about the discovery of rare earths more than once. The United States "Science News" website reported on November 19 last year that "a large number of rare earth mineral deposits have been discovered in 14 states of the United States." But after the news, there has been news of the United States constantly clamoring for China's rare earth export policy.
At the same time, the United States is also adjusting its rare earth development policy and launching domestic rare earth production. In order to meet the needs of rare earth production, the US House of Representatives passed the bill on September 29, 2010, the “Rare Earth and Key Materials Revitalization Act of 2010,†authorizing the development of rare earth materials in the United States to ensure long-term supply of U.S. industrial demand.
Last month, South Korean media reported that large-scale rare earth mines were found in the country for 50 years. According to the Geological Resources Research Institute of South Korea, the rare earth content of these veins accounts for about 0.1% to 4.7%, and a total of 147,000 tons of rare earths are buried. Looking at the annual domestic demand of about 3,000 tons in South Korea, the burial amount can be used for 50 years.
Some other resource countries have also increased the intensity of rare earth development. For example, Russia’s nuclear energy rare metals company and Kazakhstan’s nuclear power industry plan to jointly invest 500 million U.S. dollars to set up a joint venture to mine rare earths. Both parties may mine rare earths in Kazakhstan or Russia. Malaysia plans to establish the largest rare earth smelter, which will be put into operation in 2012.
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