At present, the rim of watermelon has been difficult, resulting in a serious incidence of soil-borne diseases such as blight and squatting of watermelon. In order to prevent and cure such diseases safely and effectively, and to ensure the high quality and high yield of watermelon, we put forward an integrated prevention and treatment method based on experiments and lessons learned.
First, the types of soil-borne diseases. The soil-borne diseases of watermelon mainly include rickets, blight and blight.
Second, the characteristics of soil-borne diseases:
1. The place where the bacteria pass the winter. It mainly overwinteres in soil, sick bodies and manure.
2. The way of spread of germs. In a suitable environment, germs can be transmitted through rain, watering, farm implements, and composting.
3. Pathways for pathogen invasion. Invasively through the root wound or from the apical cells of the root hair. Therefore, there are many underground pests or heavy melons, and the occurrence of blight is also serious.
4. The main conditions of the onset. The degree of the disease mainly depends on the amount of bacteria invaded in the same year, and the base of the bacteria is high. Generally, the incidence is heavy. According to the district and county census results, the incidence rate of diseased plants in the first year is 0-2%, the second year is 10-20%, the third year is increased to 30-50%, and the incidence of some fields in the fourth year is 70%. Some fields are close to being rejected. In addition, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, application of organic fertilizer with insufficient maturity, production with rainy days, heavy rainfall and soil weight, low terrain, poor drainage, extensive management, poor development of watermelon roots The incidence is heavy.
Third, comprehensive prevention and control technology. Adhere to the principle of agricultural prevention and control, supplemented by chemical control. Take comprehensive control measures that combine rotation, rational fertilization, grafting disease prevention, field management and chemical control.
1. Agricultural control
(1) Rotation for disease prevention. It is used for more than 3-4 years of rotation with other crops (non-melon) to worsen the living environment of the pathogen and control the number of pathogens. Among them, water and drought rotation is more effective in controlling Fusarium oxysporum.
(2) Using solar heat to kill germs. The amount of base fertilizer and lime nitrogen required per acre is sprinkled on the soil surface, ridged, watered, and shackled with polyethylene film for 15-30 days. The soil moisture content during disinfection is maintained at more than 60% of the field's saturated water holding capacity.
(3) Strictly choose nutrient soil. Do not use vegetable garden soil, melon soil and garden soil to raise seedlings.
(4) Select resistant varieties. Excellent varieties with good disease resistance, high yield and excellent quality can be selected.
(5) Seed treatment. The seeds are soaked in warm water at 55 ° C, and the seed epidermis is wiped off to reduce the seed carrier rate.
(6) Reasonable fertilization. Reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, especially potassium fertilizer, and avoid the application of chloride ion-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and the unfertilized fertilizer that the sick body is smashed is prohibited.
(7) Strengthen field management. The cultivation of deep sorghum sorghum is adopted, and the interface between the shed film and the ridge is kept lower than the lining of the shed. The gully inside and outside the shed should be unblocked, and the drainage should be timely after the rain; the watering should be carried out in the sunny morning, avoid flooding and strict control of the shed. Temperature and humidity. In addition, it is necessary to remove the weeds in the field in time, and find that the diseased plants should be removed in time and brought out for field treatment.
(8) Grafting and disease prevention. Conditional areas and farmers can use the gourd as a rootstock for grafting, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of blight. According to the test, grafting can reduce the incidence rate by 56.2%, and the control effect can reach more than 90%.
2, chemical control
(1) Bed soil disinfection. Apply 50g of seed dressing double powder to 7g, or 40% of pentachloronitrobenzene powder per square meter of seedbed, or 40g of 40% of glutinous WP, mix well with 4-5kg of fine soil, apply Before the medicine, the bottom water of the seedbed is beaten first, and once poured, after the water seeps, 1/3 of the soil is sprinkled on the surface of the loquat. After sowing, the remaining 2/3 of the soil is covered on the seed, which can be prevented. Stumbled over.
(2) Field control. Prevention and control of Fusarium wilt: In the early stage of the disease, the effects of controlling the wilt disease of watermelon were better. Method 1: 40% sputum sputum WP WP 600-800 times solution, foliar spray at the beginning of the disease, the control effect is 71.2-82.4%. Method 2: Spray 15% of the mildew water agent 450 times solution at the initial stage of the disease, 3L per square meter, and the control effect is 70.1-80.3%. Method 3: 4% agricultural anti-120 water agent 300 times liquid once rooting (0.5 kg liquid per hole), the control effect is 50.2-70.4%. Method 4: Rooting with 0.5% cucurbitin 600 times solution (0.5 kg liquid per hole), the effect is 61.7-75.6%.
First, the types of soil-borne diseases. The soil-borne diseases of watermelon mainly include rickets, blight and blight.
Second, the characteristics of soil-borne diseases:
1. The place where the bacteria pass the winter. It mainly overwinteres in soil, sick bodies and manure.
2. The way of spread of germs. In a suitable environment, germs can be transmitted through rain, watering, farm implements, and composting.
3. Pathways for pathogen invasion. Invasively through the root wound or from the apical cells of the root hair. Therefore, there are many underground pests or heavy melons, and the occurrence of blight is also serious.
4. The main conditions of the onset. The degree of the disease mainly depends on the amount of bacteria invaded in the same year, and the base of the bacteria is high. Generally, the incidence is heavy. According to the district and county census results, the incidence rate of diseased plants in the first year is 0-2%, the second year is 10-20%, the third year is increased to 30-50%, and the incidence of some fields in the fourth year is 70%. Some fields are close to being rejected. In addition, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, application of organic fertilizer with insufficient maturity, production with rainy days, heavy rainfall and soil weight, low terrain, poor drainage, extensive management, poor development of watermelon roots The incidence is heavy.
Third, comprehensive prevention and control technology. Adhere to the principle of agricultural prevention and control, supplemented by chemical control. Take comprehensive control measures that combine rotation, rational fertilization, grafting disease prevention, field management and chemical control.
1. Agricultural control
(1) Rotation for disease prevention. It is used for more than 3-4 years of rotation with other crops (non-melon) to worsen the living environment of the pathogen and control the number of pathogens. Among them, water and drought rotation is more effective in controlling Fusarium oxysporum.
(2) Using solar heat to kill germs. The amount of base fertilizer and lime nitrogen required per acre is sprinkled on the soil surface, ridged, watered, and shackled with polyethylene film for 15-30 days. The soil moisture content during disinfection is maintained at more than 60% of the field's saturated water holding capacity.
(3) Strictly choose nutrient soil. Do not use vegetable garden soil, melon soil and garden soil to raise seedlings.
(4) Select resistant varieties. Excellent varieties with good disease resistance, high yield and excellent quality can be selected.
(5) Seed treatment. The seeds are soaked in warm water at 55 ° C, and the seed epidermis is wiped off to reduce the seed carrier rate.
(6) Reasonable fertilization. Reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, especially potassium fertilizer, and avoid the application of chloride ion-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and the unfertilized fertilizer that the sick body is smashed is prohibited.
(7) Strengthen field management. The cultivation of deep sorghum sorghum is adopted, and the interface between the shed film and the ridge is kept lower than the lining of the shed. The gully inside and outside the shed should be unblocked, and the drainage should be timely after the rain; the watering should be carried out in the sunny morning, avoid flooding and strict control of the shed. Temperature and humidity. In addition, it is necessary to remove the weeds in the field in time, and find that the diseased plants should be removed in time and brought out for field treatment.
(8) Grafting and disease prevention. Conditional areas and farmers can use the gourd as a rootstock for grafting, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of blight. According to the test, grafting can reduce the incidence rate by 56.2%, and the control effect can reach more than 90%.
2, chemical control
(1) Bed soil disinfection. Apply 50g of seed dressing double powder to 7g, or 40% of pentachloronitrobenzene powder per square meter of seedbed, or 40g of 40% of glutinous WP, mix well with 4-5kg of fine soil, apply Before the medicine, the bottom water of the seedbed is beaten first, and once poured, after the water seeps, 1/3 of the soil is sprinkled on the surface of the loquat. After sowing, the remaining 2/3 of the soil is covered on the seed, which can be prevented. Stumbled over.
(2) Field control. Prevention and control of Fusarium wilt: In the early stage of the disease, the effects of controlling the wilt disease of watermelon were better. Method 1: 40% sputum sputum WP WP 600-800 times solution, foliar spray at the beginning of the disease, the control effect is 71.2-82.4%. Method 2: Spray 15% of the mildew water agent 450 times solution at the initial stage of the disease, 3L per square meter, and the control effect is 70.1-80.3%. Method 3: 4% agricultural anti-120 water agent 300 times liquid once rooting (0.5 kg liquid per hole), the control effect is 50.2-70.4%. Method 4: Rooting with 0.5% cucurbitin 600 times solution (0.5 kg liquid per hole), the effect is 61.7-75.6%.
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