Blueberry, also known as bilberry, is a plant of the genus Vaccinium spp. of the Ericaceae family. It is commonly known as the “American Blueberry†because it is blue in color and native to the United States and mainly produced in the United States. Blue berry. The average weight of blueberry fruit is 0.5-2.5g, the maximum weight is 5g. The color of the fruit is beautiful, pleasing to the eye, blue and is covered with a layer of white fruit powder. The flesh is fine, the seeds are very small, the edible rate is 100%, it has light aroma, sweet and sour taste. A fresh food. Blueberry fruit is rich in various vitamins (A, B, C), arbutin, cyanine and SOD, protein, dietary fiber and rich mineral elements such as K, Fe, Zn and Ca, which are high in nutritional value. Berry fruit trees. Blueberry fruit has strong medicinal value and nutritional health functions in addition to fresh food, and FAO has listed it as one of the top five health foods for human beings. Its cultivation techniques are as follows:
I. Garden selection and colonization
(1) Selection and preparation of the garden
The soil pH of the garden is 4.0-5.5, and the optimum pH is 4.0-4.8. The soil organic matter content is 8%-12%, the soil is loose and well ventilated, but it is moist but does not accumulate water. After the garden is selected, it will be deep-turned with green manure 1 year before planting, and the depth is 20-25cm. It is deep and ripe to facilitate the growth of blueberries.
1. Adjust the pH of the soil. The pH of the soil is too high and needs to be adjusted: the pH of the high-bush blueberry is 3.8-4.8, the blue color of the rabbit eye requires 3.8-5.2, the sulfur powder can be used to adjust the pH of the soil, and the amount of sulfur powder is applied per 100 m2: the sand is PH If the value is reduced by 0.1, the sulfur powder should be 0.49~0.73kg; if the pH value of the loam is 0.1, the sulfur powder should be 0.97~1.46kg; for the clay loam, the pH value should be reduced by 0.1, and the sulfur powder should be 1.46~1.96kg. If the sulfur powder and the grass charcoal are combined, the effect is better. The pH of the soil is too low to be adjusted with lime.
2. Increase soil organic matter. The soil organic matter for planting blueberries is preferably more than 8%. Otherwise, organic matter needs to be added. The best material is peat (peat). Plant organic materials such as crop straw, humus soil and broken bark can also be used after decomposing, reducing costs. Insufficient soil organic matter, the root growth is poor, and the tree potential declines in the later period, which will affect the yield by about 50%.
(2) Colonization
The depth of soil tillage is 20-25 cm, and the well is well-grounded for Taitian. The height of the countertop is 25-30 cm and the width is 1 m. The row is finally planted in the middle of the countertop. The row spacing is determined according to the planting variety.
1. Planting period: Both spring planting and autumn planting can be used, but the survival rate of autumn planting is high, and spring planting should be early.
2, digging and planting points: the size of the acupoints varies depending on the type of cultivation, blueberries in rabbit eyes should be larger, generally 1.3 × 1.3 × 0.5; half-high blueberry and short-bush blueberry can be appropriately reduced. Open the planting hole of 50-80 cm wide in the middle of the table. After the planting hole is dug, mix the garden soil with the organic matter and fill it back. Soil testing should be carried out before planting. If some elements are missing, the fertilizer can be applied together. At the same time, 10-15 cm of organic matter such as sawdust, rice husk, broken straw and broken corn stover are covered around the planting hole.
3, plant spacing: high-bush blueberry 1m × 2m, or 1.5m × 2m; half-high blue
Raspberry 1m × 2m; short clump 0.5m × 1m; rabbit eye blueberry 1.5m × 2 ~ 3m.
4, pollination tree match: rabbit eye blueberry self-flowering, must be equipped with pollination trees, you can choose high-bush blueberry varieties. High-branched blueberry and short-bush blueberry have a high self-cultivation rate, but the allocation of pollination trees can improve fruit quality and yield. The configuration method is planted in a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1 of the main planting variety and the pollination variety. The 1:1 formula means that the main planting variety and the pollination variety are planted in the same row or in two rows; the 2:1 type, that is, the main planting species, planting a row of pollination trees every two rows.
Second, blueberry species and major varieties
(1) North high-bush blueberry: The height of the tree is 1.5-2.0m. The fruit is large, the taste is good and the fresh food is suitable. The yield per plant is 3-6kg, which is the highest economic value. There are more than 100 commercial varieties in the world.
(2) South high-bush blueberry: the height of the tree is about 1.0-1.5m, the fruit is large, and the yield per plant is 1-3kg; it is suitable for fresh food, suitable for warm and protected cultivation.
(3) Half-high-bush blueberry: The height of the tree is 0.5-1.0m, the fruit is medium-sized, and the yield per plant is 0.5~3kg. It is used for both fresh food and processing.
(4) Short-bush blueberry: The height of the tree is less than 0.5 m, which is mainly used for processing and has fewer varieties.
(5) Blue-eyed rabbit eyes: The tree body is tall, up to 3 meters, and the yield per plant is 5-8kg. It has poor cold resistance and is suitable for cultivation in the south of the Yangtze River Basin in China. The north can be used for conservation and post-cultivation.
Third, soil and fertilizer water management technology
(1) Soil management: Blueberry roots are shallowly distributed, and are slender and have no root hair. Therefore, soil conditions with loose soil and good ventilation are required.
1. Clear farming method: Cultivating high-bundle blueberries on sandy loam often adopts clearing method. The depth of clearing is preferably 5-10 cm. The time for clearing can be carried out from early spring to August, and clearing till the winter is not good for wintering.
2, grass method: the use of inter-row grass, and the use of herbicides in the line. Compared with the clear tillage method, the raw grass method is beneficial to the improvement of the yield, and has the advantages of maintaining the soil moisture and facilitating the mechanical operation.
3, increase soil cover: the role of soil cover to maintain soil moisture, reduce surface transpiration; adjust surface soil temperature; improve soil, increase soil organic matter content, improve soil structure, reduce soil pH; control weeds.
Soil cover materials: plant materials such as crop straw, peat, humus soil, cooked sawdust and rotten bark.
(2) Reasonable fertilization. Blueberry has a relatively low demand for fertilizer. In the case of fertile soil and high organic matter, it is generally not fertilized or less fertilized, or some elements missing from the soil analysis and leaf analysis results. If the soil is poor, it is necessary to apply organic fertilizer and mineral fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It is generally believed that the ratio of the three elements of fertilization (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium) may be 1:2:1. The medium fertility soil is based on the active ingredient. In the young orchard, 4 kg of nitrogen, 8 kg of phosphorus and 4 kg of potassium are applied per mu, and then the growth is increased year by year according to the growth situation. Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is harmful to blue berries, and ammonium fertilizer should be applied. When fertilizing, different ammonium nitrogen fertilizers can be selected according to the pH of the soil. Chloride ions are easily damaging to blue berries. Potassium chloride should be banned when potassium fertilizer is applied. Potassium sulphate should be applied.
Fertilization method: Fertilization should be applied annularly from 15 to 20 cm from the base of the root. It can be applied or applied in a ditch. The depth is suitable, generally 10 to 15 cm. The amount of fertilizer applied must be determined carefully, based on soil fertility and tree nutrient status.
Fertilization period: generally carried out before germination in early spring, can be applied in 2 times, and once again in the ripening period of berries.
Fertilizer types: organic fertilizer, ammonium sulfate (application of ammonium sulfate can also regulate soil acidity), potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (not apply potassium chloride compound fertilizer). The application of complete fertilizer increased the yield by more than 40% compared with the single fertilizer; the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil was 1:2:1, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil with high soil organic matter content was 1:2:3.
Acidity adjustment: Put a small amount of sulfur powder into the fertilizer combined with fertilization every year to lower the soil pH.
(3) Water management: insufficient water will seriously affect the growth and yield of the tree; from germination to defoliation, the required water is equivalent to an average of 25 mm of weekly precipitation, 40 mm from fruit set to fruit harvest; the soil moisture of the sand is small, The water holding capacity is low, and the irrigation facilities need to be configured to meet the water demand; the ideal water source for irrigation is surface pond water or reservoir water; the water in deep water wells tends to have high pH and sodium ion and calcium ion content, and long-term use will affect the growth and yield of blueberry. .
Timely irrigation to ensure soil moisture. Blueberry belongs to the fibrous root system. There is no root system with large roots. Its roots are like our hair, and the distribution is very shallow. It is generally distributed in 5-20cm soil layer. Therefore, it is also the fruit tree species with the worst drought resistance of all fruit trees. Therefore, ensuring adequate water supply and irrigation conditions is the key to successful cultivation of blueberries.
Precipitation in blueberry growing areas such as North America and Japan is more than 1000mm. The precipitation in southern China is similar to that in North America and Japan, above 1000mm, but the distribution is uneven, and seasonal drought is more serious in some places. The annual precipitation in northern China is low. Therefore, the development of water-saving irrigation is an important measure to ensure the high yield and stable yield of blueberries.
Fourth, pruning technology
The main methods are: cut flower buds, sparse cuts, flat stalks, thin flowers, and thin fruit.
Different types of pruning are different: 1 to 3 years after planting, pruning
The flower buds are mainly used; in the spring of the 2nd to 3rd year after planting, the weak branches are removed; after 3 to 4 years after planting, the crown is enlarged to enlarge the canopy, but the results may be appropriate. Generally, in the third year, try to make it less or not result. . After 5 years of planting, after pruning, after entering the adulthood in the 5th year, the pruning is mainly to control the height of the tree, mainly to the sparse branch; the best age of the big branch is 5 to 6 years, and it is necessary to retract and renew when it exceeds; 15 to 20 years old The above old trees can be renewed with the whole tree, that is, all the above ground parts are sawn off, and the piles of 15-20 cm high are left, and the piles can be removed without sticking on the ground, so that a large number of new branches can be re-germinated from the base. After the whole tree is updated, it will not be the result of the year, but the output in the third year can be increased by 5 times compared with the unupdated old tree.
Five, wintering and cold protection
Despite the strong cold resistance of short clumps and semi-high clumps of blueberries, freezing damage occurred in individual years in northeastern China and northern Shandong, mainly due to overwintering and flowering buds caused by physiological drought. Sometimes the top of the ground is completely frozen. The short bush blueberry is buried in the cold to prevent cold; the high bush blueberry can be used for bagging or cold shed for winter.
Trees covered with straw, leaves, sacks, straw woven bags, etc. can play a role in winter protection.
Sixth, pest control
During the growth period of blueberry, leaf spot disease, ulcer disease, blight disease, and a variety of pests such as mites (locusts) and mites may occur. It is necessary to prevent and treat them in various areas in advance and comprehensive treatment.
Seven, harvesting technology
1. Short bush blueberry: The short bush blueberry fruit has a long maturity period. However, the mature fruit is not easy to fall off, so it can be harvested together when it is fully mature. Dwarf bush blueberry fruit is small, and manual picking is difficult. The most frequently used and quick and easy is the comb-shaped artificial harvester. When in use, the harvester inserts the bushes along the ground and then picks up and picks up the fruit. After the fruit is harvested, the leaves, stones and other debris are removed and placed in a container.
2, high-bush blueberry: due to the inconsistent fruit ripening period, the general harvesting needs to last 3-4 weeks. When the fruit is freshly sold, it is picked by hand. After harvesting, put it in a plastic food box, and then transport it to the market in a shallow dish. Try to avoid squeezing and exposure.
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