Fruit tree
Misapplication of fertilization
1. The closer the fertilization point is to the tree, the better. When the fertilizer is applied too close to the tree, the result is that the root-burning phenomenon often occurs, and the effect is often not good.
2. The more fertilizer you apply, the better. Blind multi-fertilization, not based on the type of fertilizer, tree strength, tree size, yield, soil conditions and other factors to determine the amount of fertilizer. The result is that the nutrient supply and demand of the tree is not balanced. The heavy ones burn the dead trees, the pests breed, the light vegetative growth and reproductive growth are not balanced, only long trees, no results, less results.
3. Fertilize time is busy. "There is no need for the tree when it needs fertilizer, and it is not necessary for people to fertilize the tree." It is not based on the fact that the fruit trees need to be fertilized during the fertilization period, but they are fertilized freely according to labor.
4, the type of fertilization is free. In the autumn, many fruit farmers use chemical fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer, or use unfertilized crop straw instead of manure and other farmyard manure. This has been the case for years. The result is that the fertility of the orchard is declining, the tree is weak, the yield is reduced, and the fruit quality is deteriorated.
5, heavy underground light on the ground. Many fruit farmers are accustomed to underground fertilization, and the effect of fertilization on the ground, that is, the effect of foliar spray fertilizer, is scorned or unclear. It cannot be combined with above-ground and underground fertilization, resulting in yellow leaf disease, lobular disease, shrinkage disease, early defoliation and other physiology. Sexual diseases occur severely and the photosynthesis function of leaves is reduced.
Correct fertilization method
1. Fertilization should be suitable for the distance between the trees and the depth. In fact, the distribution of horizontal roots of fruit trees is generally 2-4 times the diameter of the crown. Practice has proved that apples, pears, peaches, apricots and other fruit trees are ditched or burrowed from the trunk. The distance from the vertical projection of the canopy is appropriate, and the depth is 30-40 cm. At this position, the absorption roots of the fruit trees are concentrated and the nutrient utilization rate is high.
2. The amount of fertilizer applied depends on the tree due to the fertilizer. Whether it is base fertilizer, delayed-acting fertilizer or quick-acting fertilizer, the general principle for determining the amount of fertilization is: young trees are lower than mature trees; trees with no results or initial results are lower than trees with fruiting period; The garden should be more than the more fertile. When applying the base fertilizer in autumn, the application amount of manure is generally not less than 5000kg per mu, and the high-quality and high-efficiency chicken manure should not exceed 4000kg. The long-acting all-element compound fertilizer and micro-fertilizer should be mixed in the base fertilizer, urea and phosphoric acid. Fertilizers such as ammonium and potassium sulfate should be applied in different stages according to the different growth stages of fruit trees.
3. Set the fertilization period according to the tree. It should be determined according to different growth and development stages, tree species and varieties of fruit trees. When the farmer is in conflict with labor, it is necessary to pay for the person to pay the fertilizer, and it cannot affect the nutrition requirements of the tree. The base fertilizer of the deciduous fruit trees in the north should generally be applied after the fruit is harvested or before the fruit is harvested. In some places, it is unscientific for fruit growers to apply basic fertilizers before or after freezing. Practice has proved that the application of base fertilizer after fruit harvesting or fruit ripening is of great significance for improving the photosynthetic function of fruit trees, improving fruit quality and tree nutrient storage level, and enhancing tree resilience. Missing this period of application of base fertilizer not only has poor effect, but even has an adverse effect.
4. Determination of the type of fertilization. Generally, it should be determined according to factors such as the fertilizer characteristics of the fruit trees and the types of fertilizers. Fruit trees need a large amount of elemental fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as trace element fertilizers such as boron, iron, zinc and copper. These nutrients are derived from organic fertilizers such as farmyard manure, crop straw, cake fertilizer, chicken manure, and also from urea. Fertilizers produced by factories such as diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, and various compound fertilizers. To achieve the combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, a large amount of elemental fertilizer combined with trace element fertilizer can meet the growth and development needs of different fruit trees in different periods. Overcome the practice of “paying attention to nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, contempt of potassium fertilizer, neglecting organic fertilizer and micro-fertilizer†in production.
5. Combination of underground fertilization and aboveground fertilization. Underground fertilization is the main channel for fertilization. On-ground fertilization, that is, foliar spray fertilizer is directly sprayed on the tree body. It has the advantages of saving money and labor, fast nutrient absorption, and high utilization rate, especially for yellow leaf disease caused by iron deficiency and boron deficiency. The resulting diseases such as shrinkage disease, defoliation caused by zinc deficiency, and early defoliation caused by decreased leaf function are effective.
corn
Misunderstanding 1: The base fertilizer is insufficient to chase (chemical) fat generation. Using high-quality farmyard manure as base fertilizer can increase soil organic matter, improve soil aggregate structure, and provide various nutrients needed for corn growth and development. Fertilizer does not have this advantage. "Insufficient base fertilizer to chase (chemical) fertilizer generation" can only make the land more and more thin, and the more the species will become more and more knotted.
Misunderstanding 2: There is fat to chase. In the seedling stage before jointing, if the drought is not based on the actual conditions such as the degree of drought, the sensation of the sensation, or the strength of the seedling, the seedlings in the upper part of the ground are often long, and the roots in the lower part are difficult to deepen. The seedlings lose the opportunity to exercise the seedlings and plant the plants for lodging. Topdressing and over-watering during the filling period will cause the corn to be late and ripe, and the corn will be frosted later.
Misunderstanding 3: High yield of fertilizer. The period from the booting stage to the filling stage is the period in which the water and fertilizer are most needed. The cultivation should implement “three top dressing, three watering, and three medium tillageâ€. After the beginning of jointing, the first point of topdressing is carried out, and timely tillage is carried out. After the start of the booting, a second top dressing is carried out and cultivating. The third pit dressing was carried out during grouting. The total amount of these three top dressings is not more than 30 kg. The amount of topdressing can be grasped before the principle of light, medium and heavy, and the fertilizer is 30% of the total at the jointing stage, 60% of the total at the booting stage, and 10% of the total during the filling stage. Topdressing is mainly based on urea.
Misunderstanding 4: Pay attention to NPK and despise micro-fertilizer. Corn is very sensitive to the reaction of zinc fertilizer. Some experiments have shown that: the application of zinc fertilizer in corn, the number of grains per ear can be increased by 50-80, the weight of 1000-grain can be increased by 15-30 grams, the rate of baldness is reduced by about 50%, and the yield per acre is 8%-15%.
Misunderstanding 5: After heading, there is no need for topdressing or cultivating. After corn heading, there are many plots due to inadequate or low quality application of base fertilizer, and the topdressing has been exhausted. The nutrients in the soil can not meet the growth needs of corn. It is urgent to apply some quick-acting nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers to prevent them. Premature aging, and promote filling and grain fullness, increase 1000-grain weight. This time, "seeding the seed fertilizer" should be applied early, applied at a point, and applied in moderation.
Foliar fertilization
Foliar fertilization refers to spraying nutrient solution on the leaf surface of plants at a certain dose and concentration to directly or indirectly supply nutrients. But there are also many misunderstandings in foliar application.
First, any spray. It is mistaken that foliar fertilizer can be applied during any growth period of the crop. Foliar spray fertilizer is absorbed by the leaves, which requires that the crops have sufficient leaf area, otherwise the effect of spraying is poor, and the purpose is not achieved. Therefore, the spraying fertilizer should generally be carried out in the middle and late stages of crop growth, in order to obtain the maximum foliar fertilizer efficiency.
Second, any use of fertilizer. I mistakenly believe that any fertilizer can be used for foliar application. In fact, some volatile fertilizers, such as ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate, etc., will release smog after crops. The other is that certain crops are contraindicated, such as potassium chloride, calcium chloride, etc., and should not be sprayed on crops such as tobacco.
Third, spray at any time. I mistakenly believe that any time can be carried out. If it is rainy or early in the morning, it is not advisable to spray fertilizer when there are water drops or dew on the leaves. Otherwise, the spraying concentration will be lowered, the concentration requirement will not be reached, and the effect is poor. In the hot sun at noon on the sunny day, it is not allowed to spray, because it can not maintain a wet state for a long time after spraying, and the utilization rate is reduced.
Fourth, the concentration is good. Strictly control the concentration of fertilization. In the range of suitable use, the concentration of general spraying should be low and not high. However, different crops have different fertility tolerances and different requirements; the types of fertilizers are different, and the concentration of spraying is also different. If the concentration is too low, the effect of spraying will not be achieved; if the concentration is too high, the leaves will be dehydrated and cause fat damage. This is one of the keys to the success of foliar spray fertilizer. For example, urea is used as foliar fertilizer, the concentration is generally 0.5%-2.0%; superphosphate is 1%-5%; potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.2%-0.5%; Boric acid is 0.1%-0.5%; molybdate amine is 0.02%-0.05%; zinc sulfate is 0.05%-0.2%. At the same time, it is necessary to grasp the concentration of spraying at the seedling stage should be lower; the concentration of spraying in the middle and late growth period can be higher; when the growth of the crop is normal, the concentration is lower, and when the fertilizer is deficient, the concentration should be higher; The concentration of elemental fertilizer should be lower; the concentration of macro-element fertilizer should be higher; the concentration of dicotyledon should be lower; the concentration of monocots should be higher.
Fifth, increase the number of spraying. It is wrong to think that the more times the foliar spray is applied, the better. Crops with short growth periods are generally sprayed 1-2 times; long periods of growth can be sprayed 2-3 times. According to the situation of the seedlings, it is also possible to spray more than 1-2 times. Spray continuously in the same growth period, each time should be about 10 days. Spray the trace element fertilizer and spray it once. If you want to spray it a second time, the interval should be longer.
Misapplication of fertilization
1. The closer the fertilization point is to the tree, the better. When the fertilizer is applied too close to the tree, the result is that the root-burning phenomenon often occurs, and the effect is often not good.
2. The more fertilizer you apply, the better. Blind multi-fertilization, not based on the type of fertilizer, tree strength, tree size, yield, soil conditions and other factors to determine the amount of fertilizer. The result is that the nutrient supply and demand of the tree is not balanced. The heavy ones burn the dead trees, the pests breed, the light vegetative growth and reproductive growth are not balanced, only long trees, no results, less results.
3. Fertilize time is busy. "There is no need for the tree when it needs fertilizer, and it is not necessary for people to fertilize the tree." It is not based on the fact that the fruit trees need to be fertilized during the fertilization period, but they are fertilized freely according to labor.
4, the type of fertilization is free. In the autumn, many fruit farmers use chemical fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer, or use unfertilized crop straw instead of manure and other farmyard manure. This has been the case for years. The result is that the fertility of the orchard is declining, the tree is weak, the yield is reduced, and the fruit quality is deteriorated.
5, heavy underground light on the ground. Many fruit farmers are accustomed to underground fertilization, and the effect of fertilization on the ground, that is, the effect of foliar spray fertilizer, is scorned or unclear. It cannot be combined with above-ground and underground fertilization, resulting in yellow leaf disease, lobular disease, shrinkage disease, early defoliation and other physiology. Sexual diseases occur severely and the photosynthesis function of leaves is reduced.
Correct fertilization method
1. Fertilization should be suitable for the distance between the trees and the depth. In fact, the distribution of horizontal roots of fruit trees is generally 2-4 times the diameter of the crown. Practice has proved that apples, pears, peaches, apricots and other fruit trees are ditched or burrowed from the trunk. The distance from the vertical projection of the canopy is appropriate, and the depth is 30-40 cm. At this position, the absorption roots of the fruit trees are concentrated and the nutrient utilization rate is high.
2. The amount of fertilizer applied depends on the tree due to the fertilizer. Whether it is base fertilizer, delayed-acting fertilizer or quick-acting fertilizer, the general principle for determining the amount of fertilization is: young trees are lower than mature trees; trees with no results or initial results are lower than trees with fruiting period; The garden should be more than the more fertile. When applying the base fertilizer in autumn, the application amount of manure is generally not less than 5000kg per mu, and the high-quality and high-efficiency chicken manure should not exceed 4000kg. The long-acting all-element compound fertilizer and micro-fertilizer should be mixed in the base fertilizer, urea and phosphoric acid. Fertilizers such as ammonium and potassium sulfate should be applied in different stages according to the different growth stages of fruit trees.
3. Set the fertilization period according to the tree. It should be determined according to different growth and development stages, tree species and varieties of fruit trees. When the farmer is in conflict with labor, it is necessary to pay for the person to pay the fertilizer, and it cannot affect the nutrition requirements of the tree. The base fertilizer of the deciduous fruit trees in the north should generally be applied after the fruit is harvested or before the fruit is harvested. In some places, it is unscientific for fruit growers to apply basic fertilizers before or after freezing. Practice has proved that the application of base fertilizer after fruit harvesting or fruit ripening is of great significance for improving the photosynthetic function of fruit trees, improving fruit quality and tree nutrient storage level, and enhancing tree resilience. Missing this period of application of base fertilizer not only has poor effect, but even has an adverse effect.
4. Determination of the type of fertilization. Generally, it should be determined according to factors such as the fertilizer characteristics of the fruit trees and the types of fertilizers. Fruit trees need a large amount of elemental fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as trace element fertilizers such as boron, iron, zinc and copper. These nutrients are derived from organic fertilizers such as farmyard manure, crop straw, cake fertilizer, chicken manure, and also from urea. Fertilizers produced by factories such as diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, and various compound fertilizers. To achieve the combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, a large amount of elemental fertilizer combined with trace element fertilizer can meet the growth and development needs of different fruit trees in different periods. Overcome the practice of “paying attention to nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, contempt of potassium fertilizer, neglecting organic fertilizer and micro-fertilizer†in production.
5. Combination of underground fertilization and aboveground fertilization. Underground fertilization is the main channel for fertilization. On-ground fertilization, that is, foliar spray fertilizer is directly sprayed on the tree body. It has the advantages of saving money and labor, fast nutrient absorption, and high utilization rate, especially for yellow leaf disease caused by iron deficiency and boron deficiency. The resulting diseases such as shrinkage disease, defoliation caused by zinc deficiency, and early defoliation caused by decreased leaf function are effective.
corn
Misunderstanding 1: The base fertilizer is insufficient to chase (chemical) fat generation. Using high-quality farmyard manure as base fertilizer can increase soil organic matter, improve soil aggregate structure, and provide various nutrients needed for corn growth and development. Fertilizer does not have this advantage. "Insufficient base fertilizer to chase (chemical) fertilizer generation" can only make the land more and more thin, and the more the species will become more and more knotted.
Misunderstanding 2: There is fat to chase. In the seedling stage before jointing, if the drought is not based on the actual conditions such as the degree of drought, the sensation of the sensation, or the strength of the seedling, the seedlings in the upper part of the ground are often long, and the roots in the lower part are difficult to deepen. The seedlings lose the opportunity to exercise the seedlings and plant the plants for lodging. Topdressing and over-watering during the filling period will cause the corn to be late and ripe, and the corn will be frosted later.
Misunderstanding 3: High yield of fertilizer. The period from the booting stage to the filling stage is the period in which the water and fertilizer are most needed. The cultivation should implement “three top dressing, three watering, and three medium tillageâ€. After the beginning of jointing, the first point of topdressing is carried out, and timely tillage is carried out. After the start of the booting, a second top dressing is carried out and cultivating. The third pit dressing was carried out during grouting. The total amount of these three top dressings is not more than 30 kg. The amount of topdressing can be grasped before the principle of light, medium and heavy, and the fertilizer is 30% of the total at the jointing stage, 60% of the total at the booting stage, and 10% of the total during the filling stage. Topdressing is mainly based on urea.
Misunderstanding 4: Pay attention to NPK and despise micro-fertilizer. Corn is very sensitive to the reaction of zinc fertilizer. Some experiments have shown that: the application of zinc fertilizer in corn, the number of grains per ear can be increased by 50-80, the weight of 1000-grain can be increased by 15-30 grams, the rate of baldness is reduced by about 50%, and the yield per acre is 8%-15%.
Misunderstanding 5: After heading, there is no need for topdressing or cultivating. After corn heading, there are many plots due to inadequate or low quality application of base fertilizer, and the topdressing has been exhausted. The nutrients in the soil can not meet the growth needs of corn. It is urgent to apply some quick-acting nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers to prevent them. Premature aging, and promote filling and grain fullness, increase 1000-grain weight. This time, "seeding the seed fertilizer" should be applied early, applied at a point, and applied in moderation.
Foliar fertilization
Foliar fertilization refers to spraying nutrient solution on the leaf surface of plants at a certain dose and concentration to directly or indirectly supply nutrients. But there are also many misunderstandings in foliar application.
First, any spray. It is mistaken that foliar fertilizer can be applied during any growth period of the crop. Foliar spray fertilizer is absorbed by the leaves, which requires that the crops have sufficient leaf area, otherwise the effect of spraying is poor, and the purpose is not achieved. Therefore, the spraying fertilizer should generally be carried out in the middle and late stages of crop growth, in order to obtain the maximum foliar fertilizer efficiency.
Second, any use of fertilizer. I mistakenly believe that any fertilizer can be used for foliar application. In fact, some volatile fertilizers, such as ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate, etc., will release smog after crops. The other is that certain crops are contraindicated, such as potassium chloride, calcium chloride, etc., and should not be sprayed on crops such as tobacco.
Third, spray at any time. I mistakenly believe that any time can be carried out. If it is rainy or early in the morning, it is not advisable to spray fertilizer when there are water drops or dew on the leaves. Otherwise, the spraying concentration will be lowered, the concentration requirement will not be reached, and the effect is poor. In the hot sun at noon on the sunny day, it is not allowed to spray, because it can not maintain a wet state for a long time after spraying, and the utilization rate is reduced.
Fourth, the concentration is good. Strictly control the concentration of fertilization. In the range of suitable use, the concentration of general spraying should be low and not high. However, different crops have different fertility tolerances and different requirements; the types of fertilizers are different, and the concentration of spraying is also different. If the concentration is too low, the effect of spraying will not be achieved; if the concentration is too high, the leaves will be dehydrated and cause fat damage. This is one of the keys to the success of foliar spray fertilizer. For example, urea is used as foliar fertilizer, the concentration is generally 0.5%-2.0%; superphosphate is 1%-5%; potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.2%-0.5%; Boric acid is 0.1%-0.5%; molybdate amine is 0.02%-0.05%; zinc sulfate is 0.05%-0.2%. At the same time, it is necessary to grasp the concentration of spraying at the seedling stage should be lower; the concentration of spraying in the middle and late growth period can be higher; when the growth of the crop is normal, the concentration is lower, and when the fertilizer is deficient, the concentration should be higher; The concentration of elemental fertilizer should be lower; the concentration of macro-element fertilizer should be higher; the concentration of dicotyledon should be lower; the concentration of monocots should be higher.
Fifth, increase the number of spraying. It is wrong to think that the more times the foliar spray is applied, the better. Crops with short growth periods are generally sprayed 1-2 times; long periods of growth can be sprayed 2-3 times. According to the situation of the seedlings, it is also possible to spray more than 1-2 times. Spray continuously in the same growth period, each time should be about 10 days. Spray the trace element fertilizer and spray it once. If you want to spray it a second time, the interval should be longer.
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