In recent years, with the improvement of residents' living standards, sweet potato consumption has been diversified. In order to adapt to the market demand, develop a variety of functions to promote the stable development of sweet potato production, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Potato Experts Guidance Group and the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, put forward 2018 sweet potato production technical guidance.
1. Sweet potato for food and food processing
(1) Select good varieties and cultivate healthy seedlings. Coordinated consideration of factors such as land resources, climatic conditions, occurrence of pests and diseases, product use, marketing and circulation methods, etc., and select high-quality special varieties according to local conditions. Strengthen the breeding of virus-free seedlings, select the disease-free and convenient drainage fields as nursery nurseries, and adopt electric heating hotbed, cold bed double membrane and greenhouse shed seedlings as needed. Strengthen the management of the seedbed, and remove the abnormal seedlings such as yellowing and shrinkage found in the seedbed in time, and bring out the nursery to destroy. Strengthen the control of viral diseases to prevent the spread of sweet potato SPVD and leaf-rolling virus disease. Seedlings can be harvested by high-cutting seedlings to reduce the risk of diseased potato seedlings. If the planting time is not enough after the seedlings are planted or if the potato seedlings are planted with excess, the potato seedlings can be planted into the seedlings, the number of potato seedlings can be increased, and the quality of the potato seedlings can be improved. Southern potato areas should vigorously promote potato seedlings.
(2) Properly planting and optimizing the planting system. According to local conditions, we should determine the reasonable planting density and focus on increasing the rate of commercial potato. For fresh edible potato, the north potato area and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River can be planted early, densely planted, and early harvested, with a density of 4,000 or so; the southern part of the southern potato area is dominated by summer potatoes, and the south can be planted all year round. It can be properly planted and harvested early, and the planting density is 3500-4000. For potato for food processing, the planting density can be appropriately reduced. The cropping system advocates water and drought rotation, or rotates with peanuts, corn, wheat, millet and other crops to reduce pests and diseases and continuous cropping obstacles, and achieve increased production and efficiency.
(3) Strengthening the field management and optimizing the group structure. In the early stage of fertility, the focus is on promoting growth, early emergence, and early closure. In the medium term, it is important to control the growth of stems and leaves and establish a reasonable group structure. If necessary, chemical control can be carried out according to the growth of stems and leaves in the shoots. In the middle and late period, in order to promote the expansion of potato tubers, according to the actual situation, combined with the control of Wang, the application of 100 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Pay attention to flood control in the later stage of growth, and eliminate the accumulation of water in the field. Technical measures such as mulching cultivation and drip irrigation under the membrane can be used to prevent over-wet in the field. In the north and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the potato area is covered with wet and not covered, and the cover is excellent and not good, which promotes the increase of yield and efficiency. Arid and barren hills generally do not cover the membrane. Sweet potato should not be grown in cornfields where long-acting herbicides have been applied.
(4) Rational fertilization to achieve high quality and high efficiency. Adhere to the soil testing and formula fertilization, follow the principle of base fertilizer and topdressing supplement, supplemented by organic fertilizer and fertilizer, and moderately increase potassium fertilizer. When the quick-acting nitrogen per kilogram of soil is lower than 20-30 mg, 5-20 kg of pure nitrogen is used as the base fertilizer, and when it is higher than 80 mg, no nitrogen fertilizer can be applied. When the quick-acting phosphorus per kg of soil is less than 20 mg, 5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide is used as the base fertilizer, and when it is higher than 50 mg, the phosphate fertilizer may not be applied. When the quick-acting potassium per kg of soil is less than 30 mg, 20 kg of potassium oxide is applied per mu, 30-100 mg, and 10-20 kg of potassium oxide is applied per mu. When more than 150 mg is applied, potassium fertilizer may not be applied. In order to increase the rate of commercial potato, we advocate the use of water and fertilizer integration technology.
(5) Prevention-oriented, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases. Clean the garden in time to prevent the spread of germs. For root rot, yam and other diseases without effective chemical control, it is necessary to use disease-resistant varieties and disease-free plots for planting. For black spot disease, it is necessary to pick up from healthy seedlings, seedling bed high shearing seedlings, use strong seedlings, and can be treated with suitable chemicals before planting. For underground pests, measures combining physical control and chemical control are adopted to prevent and control in a targeted manner. For example, black light lamps are set up in the field to trap adults, and high-efficiency and low-toxic chemical pesticides are used to prevent and control cockroaches and golden worms. rate. Southern potato areas should take comprehensive measures to prevent ants from harming.
(6) Production and marketing docking, harvesting scientific storage in a timely manner. Timely understanding of market conditions, moderate scale planting, appropriate adjustment of planting period and harvest period, avoiding centralized listing and optimizing product supply. Establish different types of storage according to local conditions, and increase the storage capacity appropriately. For different consumer groups, do a good job of product grading and focus on increasing added value.
Second, sweet potato processing starch
(1) Select good varieties and cultivate healthy seedlings. According to the local land resources, climatic conditions, the occurrence of pests and diseases, the processing scale to select suitable varieties. Strengthen the breeding of virus-free seedlings, select the disease-free and convenient drainage fields as nursery nurseries, and adopt electric heating hotbed, cold bed double membrane and greenhouse shed seedlings as needed. Strengthen the management of the seedbed and find that the abnormal seedlings such as yellowing and shrinkage should be removed in time, and the nursery should be taken out for destruction. Strengthen viral disease control to prevent the spread of sweet potato SPVD and leaf roller virus disease. Seedlings can be used to reduce the risk of disease in potato seedlings by high shearing. If the planting time is not enough after the seedlings are planted or if the potato seedlings are planted with excess, the potato seedlings can be planted into the seedlings, the number of potato seedlings can be increased, and the quality of the potato seedlings can be improved. The southern potato area avoids the continuous use of Datian berry seedlings.
(2) Scientific fertilization to promote high quality and stable production. Reasonable application of fertilizers follows the principle of base fertilizer and topdressing supplementation, supplemented by organic fertilizer and fertilizer, and moderately applied potassium fertilizer. When the quick-acting nitrogen per kilogram of soil is lower than 20-30 mg, 5-20 kg of pure nitrogen is used as the base fertilizer, and when it is higher than 80 mg, no nitrogen fertilizer can be applied. When the quick-acting phosphorus per kg of soil is less than 20 mg, 5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide is used as the base fertilizer, and when it is higher than 50 mg, the phosphate fertilizer may not be applied. When the quick-acting potassium per kg of soil is less than 30 mg, 20 kg of potassium oxide is applied per mu, 30-100 mg, and 10-20 kg of potassium oxide is applied per mu. When more than 150 mg is applied, potassium fertilizer may not be applied.
(3) Reasonable close planting and standard ridge cultivation. According to local conditions, the machinery is ridden, and the plain area is cultivated by double ridges. The ridge distance is generally about 100 cm and the ridge height is 25-30 cm. The hilly hills are planted with small ridges, with a ridge distance of 70-80 cm and a ridge height of 25-30 cm. Reasonable determination of planting density, the north potato area is mainly spring potato, the general planting density is 2700-3200; the southern part of the southern potato area is mainly summer potato, the south can be planted all year round, and the planting density is about 3000. . Standardize cutting and transplanting, 2-3 sections of soil when cutting, watering the feet and keeping the water; after transplanting, the ridges should be chemically weeded. In the northern and arid severe plain areas, the spring potato is planted before May 1st. It is recommended to cover the mulch film to cover the wet and not cover, and the cover is not good or bad, to promote the yield and efficiency. Arid and barren hills generally do not cover the membrane. Promote crop rotation, reduce pests and diseases and continuous cropping obstacles, and promote increased production and efficiency. Sweet potato should not be grown in cornfields where long-acting herbicides have been applied.
(4) Strengthening the field management and optimizing the group structure. In the early stage of growth, the focus is on promoting growth, early emergence, and early closure of the ridge. The weeding is carried out in time before and after the ridge is closed. The medium weeding and weeding machinery can be used for physical weeding, and chemical weeding can also be combined. Pay attention to timely drainage after the mid-term rain, avoid the waterlogging, and combine the cultivating and weeding to tidy the vines, control the stems and leaves to grow, to establish a reasonable group structure, if necessary, according to the growth of shoots and leaves in the upper part of the chemical control. In the late growth stage, the emphasis is on promoting the expansion of potato tubers. According to the actual situation, 100 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be added in combination with the control of Wang.
(5) Prevention-oriented, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases. For root rot, yam and other diseases, it is necessary to use disease-resistant varieties and disease-free plots to plant, strengthen planting prevention and control, and inhibit infection of pathogens. For black spot disease, it is necessary to take a high-cut seedling technique and use a high-cutting seedling technique. When the seedling bed seedling height is more than 30 cm, the strong seedlings of 25-30 cm are cut and treated with suitable chemicals before planting. The control of nematodes can use long-acting, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides to ensure the safety of agricultural products and reduce environmental pollution. For underground pests, measures combining physical control and chemical control are used to carry out targeted prevention and control. For example, black light traps in the field are used to trap insects such as chafers and noctuids, and high-efficiency and low-toxic chemical pesticides are used to prevent and control cockroaches and golden worms. To increase the rate of commercial potatoes. Southern potato areas should take comprehensive measures to prevent ants from harming.
(6) Mechanical support to promote cost-effectiveness. Choose the appropriate supporting machine according to the terrain, slope, etc. Such as 70-90 horsepower tractor supporting ridge machine, cultivator, cut vine machine, harvester, etc., can work 5-6 acres per hour. Large-scale field operation machinery can be used in flat terrain, including ridge machine, laminating machine, cultivating and weeding tiller, cutting vine machine, harvesting machine, etc., to improve the quality of field operations, reduce labor intensity and save labor costs.
Third, vegetables with sweet potatoes
(1) Scientific selection of good varieties. The sweet potato has high temperature resistance, high humidity and strong resistance to pests and diseases. It is an important choice for the summer “dumping vegetables†and has become an efficient and characteristic vegetable for some farmers to increase their income. According to the consumption habits of different regions, the selection of sweet potato varieties with fast growth of stems and leaves, strong regeneration ability, less stem hair, no bitter taste, smooth taste and so on.
(2) Arranging planting reasonably. The sweet potato is harvested with sweet potato and has a short shelf life. In order to reduce market risk and ensure planting efficiency, it is necessary to plant it at a moderate scale according to consumer demand. At the same time, according to the climate characteristics, facility structure performance, cultivation mode and the occurrence of pests and diseases, the appropriate planting season and mouthwash are arranged reasonably. Open field cultivation should avoid meteorological disasters and high incidence of pests and diseases, and prevent the planting period from being too concentrated. Facility cultivation should pay attention to the change of vegetable price in the target market, the characteristics of local winter and spring climate and the structural performance of different greenhouses, and arrange the production and variety structure of autumn and winter sorghum, winter and spring sorghum, and regulate the time to market.
(3) Breeding healthy seedlings. According to the habit of potato cultivars, the cultivation of sweet potato with vegetables is divided into two methods: potato seedling raising and seedling protection. For potato seedlings, keep the relative humidity of the seedbed at 80%, the lowest temperature is 15-18 °C; when the potato buds are about 60%, the bed temperature is maintained above 18 °C, and the temperature is lowered by more than 35 °C; the height of the potato seedlings is 15-20 cm. Seedlings planted. To protect the seedlings from seedlings, the plants should be preserved in the greenhouse, and the normal growth should be promoted under the conditions of temperature rise or warming, and the new branches should be cut for cutting and expansion. During the breeding process, attention should be paid to preventing the spread of potato chips and soil germs, and preventing and controlling the spread of the virus.
(4) Strengthening the field management. Choose a land with good fertility, convenient drainage and irrigation, deep soil layer, loose ventilation, organic matter-rich plots, and ploughing and grooving, 100 cm in the face and 30 cm in the ditch. The organic fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer, and the stems and stalks are thick and strong, the old and tender, the internodes are short, the leaves are thick, the roots are free of roots, the pests are not affected, and the top seedlings with the heart leaves are used for cutting. Generally, the density of the cuttings is 8,000-12,000. After the survival of the scientific management, the seedlings are more than 15 cm long for topping and promoting branching. The optimum temperature for growth is 18-38 ° C, and water is sprayed 1-2 times a day in the morning and evening. Take biological control, try to use insect-proof nets combined with trematode to prevent insects and avoid using chemical pesticides.
(5) Trimming and picking at the right time. The sweet potato has a long picking period and can be harvested from the ridge to the first half of the harvested potato. Generally, it can be harvested once every 7-10 days, and harvested in batches according to market supply and demand, so as to prevent the leaves from wilting and dehydration. The long vines that have been harvested from the leaves should be trimmed in time to retain branches within 20 cm to ensure adequate supply of nutrients and promote plant branching and new leaf growth. It is also possible to develop quick-frozen vegetables and improve the market supply period through processing measures such as washing, blanching and quick freezing.
Agricultural and Rural Department Potato Expert Guidance Group
National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center
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